A50 Endnotes- Neal Gabler, “The Secret Shame of Middle-Class Americans,”
The Atlantic, May 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/
archive/2016/05/my-secret-shame/476415/ (accessed 6/7/16). - Larry M. Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of
the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2008). - Joe Soss, Unwanted Claims: The Politics of Participation in the
U.S. Welfare System (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
2000). - Greg Jaffe and Ed O’Keefe, “Obama Accepts Resignation of
VA Secretary Shinseki,” Washington Post, May 30, 2014, http://www.
washingtonpost.com/politics/shinseki-apologizes-for-va-
health-care-scandal/2014/05/30/e605885a-e7f0-11e3-8f90-
73e071f3d637 _story.html (accessed 7/23/14). - Daniel P. Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy:
Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive
Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2001).
30 Michael Stratfor, “Budget Fleshes Out Trump Higher Ed
Agenda,” Politico, February 13, 2018, http://www.politico.com/
newsletters/morning-education/2018/02/13/budget-fleshes-
out-trump-higher-ed-agenda-103874 (accessed 7/3/18). - For the current issues on which A ARP is lobbying, see A ARP,
“Politics and Society: Advocacy,” http://www.aarp.org/politics-
s o c i e t y/a d v o c a c y/ (a c c e s s e d 7/3 /1 8 ). - See William T. Bianco, Trust: Representatives and Constituents
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), Chapter 6, for
a discussion of the repeal of the Catastrophic Coverage Act. - Steve Kelman, “‘Reinventing Government,’ 25 Years Later,”
December 6, 2017, FCW: The Business of Federal Technology,
https://fcw.com/Articles/2017/12/06/Kelman-25-years-of-
acquisition-reform.aspx?Page=1 (accessed 7/5/18). - James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do
and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989). - For information on the pre-1994 policy, see U.S. Department
of Agriculture, “USDA01: End the Wool and Mohair Subsidy,”
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/reports/ag01
.html; for more on the current law, see U.S. Department
of Agriculture, “2002 Farm Bill, Title 1: Commodities
Programs,” http://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/
42660/13771_ap0226.pdf (both accessed 8/28/08). For
a discussion of mohair and other subsidies, see George
Will, “How American Government Became Encrusted
with Subsidies,” National Review, August 16, 2015,
http://www.nationalreview.com/2015/08/government-growth-
subsidies-sclerosis/ (accessed 7/5/18). - The stages model was first presented in James E. Anderson,
Public Policy Making (New York: Praeger, 1974). Also see
Thomas R. Dye, Understanding Public Policy, 15th ed. (New
York: Pearson, 2017). - Jessica Glenza, “Opioid Crisis: Overdoses Increased by a Third
across US in 14 Months, Says CDC,” Guardian, March 6, 2018,
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/06/opioid-crisis-
overdoses-increased-by-a-third-across-us-in-14-months-says-
cdc (accessed 7/5/18). - John Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policy (Boston:
Little, Brown, 1984). - Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability
in American Politics, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2009); Nikolaos Zahariadis, “The Shield of Heracles:
Multiple Streams and the Emotional Endowment Effect,”
European Journal of Political Research 54:3 (August 2015): 466–81. - Graeme Boushey, Policy Diffusion Dynamics in America (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
41. Charles R. Shipan and Craig Volden, “The Mechanisms of
Policy Diffusion,” American Journal of Political Science 52:4
(October 2008): 840–57.
42. Kathleen Romig and Arloc Sherman, “Social Security
Keeps 22 Million Americans out of Poverty: A State-by-State
Analysis,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, October 25,
2016, https://www.cbpp.org/research/social-security/social-
security-keeps-22-million-americans-out-of-poverty-a-state-
by-state (accessed 7/5/18).
43. Social Security Administration, 2018 OASDI Trustees Report,
June 5, 2018, Table V.A3, p. 93, http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/2018/
tr2018.pdf (accessed 7/5/18).
44. Social Security Administration, 2018 OASDI Trustees Report,
Table IV.B3, p. 61.
45. Kayla Fontenot, Jessica Semega, and Melissa Kollar, “Income
and Poverty in the United States: 2017,” September 2018, U.S.
Census, Table 3, p. 12 (accessed 10/11/18).
46. In general, poorer people get back as much as they paid in plus
interest much more quickly than wealthier people because of
the progressive nature of the benefits. For a study on projected
benefits that retirees will receive, see Dean R. Leimer, “Cohort-
Specific Measures of Lifetime Social Security Taxes and
Benefits,” Social Security Administration, Office of Research,
Evaluation, and Statistics, December 2 007, http://www.ssa.gov/
policy/docs/workingpapers/wp110.pdf (accessed 10/3/16).
47. Social Security Administration, 2018 OASDI Trustees Report,
Table II.B1, p. 7, and Figure II.D5, p. 17.
48. Social Security Administration, 2018 OASDI Trustees Report,
p. 20.
49. For a detailed account of the fiscal impact of the various
proposals, see Charles Pineles-Mark “Options for Social
Security,” Congressional Budget Office, March 8, 2017, http://www.
cbo.gov/publication/52471 (accessed 7/5/18).
50. The life expectancy numbers provided here are for all people.
Women have always lived longer than men: in 1940 the
difference at age 65 was 1.5 years, and in 2017 the difference was
2.5 years. That is, women’s life expectancy at age 65 in 2017 was
85.7 and men’s was 83.2. Social Security Administration, 2018
OASDI Trustees Report, Table V.A 4, p. 96.
51. The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and
Reform, “The Moment of Truth,” White House, Washington,
D.C., December 2 010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/
politics/documents/TheMomentof Truth.pdf (accessed
8/7/1 8 ).
52. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
“Spending on Health, Latest Trends,” June 2018, http://www.oecd.
org/health/health-systems/Health-Spending-Latest-Trends-
Brief.pdf; OECD.Stat, “Health Expenditure and Financing,”
https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_
STAT (both accessed 7/5/18).
53. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers
for Medicare and Medicaid Services, “Brief Summaries
of Medicare and Medicaid,” https://www.cms.gov/
Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-
and-Reports/MedicareProgramRatesStats/Downloads/
MedicareMedicaidSummaries2017.pdf (accessed 8/7/18).
54. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015 Actuarial
Report on the Financial Outlook for Medicaid, Table 3, p. 14,
http://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/finance/downloads/medicaid-
actuarial-report-2015.pdf (accessed 9/27/16).
55. Alison Mitchell, “Medicaid’s Federal Medical Assistance
Percentage (FMAP),” Congressional Research Service, April
25, 2018, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R 43847.pdf (accessed
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