William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

A62 Glossary/Index

Akin, David, 24

Alabama

civil rights movement in, 167, 168,

16 8 –70, 170

immigration policies in, 192

media coverage of elections in, 247,

255

prayer in public schools of, 114

presidential campaign in (2016), 283

school voucher programs in, 608

Senate election in (2017), 180, 239,

255, 296–98, 336, 366, 477

slavery in, 151

voting rights of African Americans

in, 17, 153

women’s rights in, 177

Alabama, Powell v., 113

Alabama v. Garrett, 91

Alaska, 283

Alexander, Lamar, 340, 342

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 118, 235

Alito, Samuel, Jr., 107, 191, 503, 513, 519,

522, 524

alliances in foreign policy, 641–42

Allied Powers in World War II, 620

Al Qaeda, 139, 617, 624, 624, 625, 628,

642, 646

aluminum tariffs, 425, 530, 532, 566

Amber Alert system, 591

amendments to Constitution, 61–62, 63.

See also specific amendment numbers.

Civil War amendments, 109, 152–53

proposal and ratification of, 62, 63,

76

proposed and not passed, 64

American Civil Liberties Union

(ACLU), 102, 359

American Independent Party, 287

American International Group, 549

American-Israel Public Affairs

Committee, 357, 631, 631

American Medical Association, 362

American National Election Study, 214,

215

American Recovery and Reinvestment

Act (2009), 552

Americans for Prosperity, 269

Americans with Disabilities Act, 86, 185

amicus curiae, 510, 511, 519 Latin for

“friend of the court,” referring to

an interested group or person who

shares relevant information about

a case to help the Court reach a

decision.

Amish, 105, 105, 116

Amnesty International, 636

animal cruelty, 129

Annapolis Convention (1786), 35

Annual Economic Report of the Presi-

dent, 544

Anthony, Susan B., 166

Antifederalist Papers, 490

Antifederalists, 38 Those at the

Constitutional Convention who

favored strong state governments

and feared that a strong national

government would be a threat to

individual rights.

on civil liberties, 106, 108, 109

concerns about proposed

Constitution, 43, 45, 48–49, 50,

106, 108

on judiciary, 490

and pluralism principle, 41

on presidential powers, 57

and Second Amendment, 130

appeals courts, 4 9 7, 498, 499, 500 The

intermediate level of federal courts

that hear appeals from district

courts. More generally, an appeals

court is any court with appellate

jurisdiction.

appellate jurisdiction, 491, 491 The

authority of a court to hear appeals

from lower courts and change or

uphold the decision.

Apple, 132, 345–46, 346, 362, 381, 645

appointments

to federal bureaucracy, 456, 477–78

to Federal Reserve Board, 545,

546, 547

presidential power in, 55, 63–64,

425–26, 438–39, 440, 466, 477–78,

546

apportionment, 389 The process of

assigning the 435 seats in the House

to the states based on increases or

decreases in state population.

Appropriations Committee, 403, 409,

540

Arab Americans, 159, 192

Arab-Israeli war (1973), 622

Argersinger v. Hamlin, 113

aristocracy, 8

Aristotle, 8

Arizona, 95, 115, 133, 192, 307, 335, 608

Arkansas, 141, 186, 283

Armed Services Committee, 403

arms, right to bear, 130–31

Armstrong, Lance, 135

Arpaio, Joe, 54, 433

Articles of Confederation, 33 , 33–35, 36, 3 7,

41 Sent to the states for ratification

in 1777, these were the first attempt

at a new American government. It

was later decided that the Articles

restricted national government too

much, and they were replaced by the

Constitution.

compared to Constitution, 39, 75

compromises in revision of, 39–48

confederal form of government in, 74

tax policies in, 34, 39, 46

Ashcroft, Gregory v., 91

Asian Americans

and affirmative action, 189, 191

civil rights of, 150, 155–56, 194

composition of U.S. population, 18

in Congress, 379

diversity of, 156

as federal court judges, 502

in internment camps, 155–56, 156

party identification of, 17

presidential appointments of, 186

voting by, 160

assembly, freedom of, 110, 123–24, 129

assimilation of immigrants, 18

Astroturf lobbying, 360 Any lobbying

method initiated by an interest

group that is designed to look like

the spontaneous, independent

participation of many individuals.

athletes, 135, 154

kneeling during national anthem,

17 1–7 2 , 1 87

AT&T, 135, 136, 366

attack ads, 317–18, 320, 366

attack journalism, 255 A type of increas-

ingly popular media coverage

focused on political scandals and

controversies, which causes a

negative public opinion of political

figures.

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