A64 Glossary/IndexPAYGO procedure in, 541
projected growth of, 553
tax policies in, 541
trade-offs between economic goals
in, 539budget making, 540–41, 542, 543 The
processes carried out in Congress to
determine how government money
will be spent and revenue will be
raised.budget maximizers, 472 Bureaucrats
who seek to increase funding for
their agency whether or not that
additional spending is worthwhile.budget of federal government, 532,
536–37
balanced, 536
congressional process in, 540–41,
542, 543, 545
continuing resolutions on, 541, 542,
543
deficit in. See budget deficit
discretionary spending in, 553, 553
fiscal policy on, 551–56
foreign policy expenses in, 630
mandatory spending in, 553, 553
presidential power in, 540, 541, 542,
543, 545
trade-offs between economic goals
on, 539
in Trump administration, 543, 545budget reconciliation, 540–41 The
process by which congressional
committees are held to the spend-
ing targets specified in the budget
resolution. During this process, the
House and Senate Budget Commit-
tees combine the budgetary changes
from all the legislative committees
into an omnibus reconciliation bill
to be approved by Congress.Buffett, Warren, 579bureaucracy, 454–87 The system of civil
servants and political appointees
who implement congressional or
presidential decisions; also known
as the administrative state.civil service regulations in, 476–77
definition of, 456
economic policy role of, 545–48
employees in, 456, 472, 473, 474 ,
475–78, 480, 484
expertise in, 461, 462, 465, 479
Federal Reserve System in, 545–47
functions of, 456–62
hiring and firing of workers in,
476–77, 480, 484
historical growth of, 465–69
and legislation, 458
limits on political activity in, 477,
477
notice-and-comment procedure in,
457–60, 464, 481
oversight of, 481–82
political appointees in, 456, 477–78
political control of, 479–83, 484
and principal–agent game, 462–63,
479
and problem of control, 462–65, 478,
479
public opinion on, 463, 463, 474 ,
475
red tape in, 464
in regulation development, 457–61
in service delivery, 461–62
size of, 472–75
social policy role of, 584–85, 587
standard operating procedures in,
464, 466, 483
and state capacity, 462
structure of, 469–72
Treasury Department in, 547–48bureaucratic drift, 479–83 Bureaucrats’
tendency to implement policies in a
way that favors their own political
objectives rather than following the
original intentions of the legislation.Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 548
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 562
Bureau of Land Management, 563
Burger, Warren E., 513, 517
Burma, 636
Burr, Aaron, 44
Bush, George H. W., 138, 223, 423, 427,
432, 4 47, 504
Bush, George W., 380, 440, 443
appointments and nominations of,
55, 186–87, 502, 503, 504, 504, 546
bureaucracy under, 468, 469and congressional elections, 389
drone attacks deployed by, 436
economic policies of, 549, 550, 552
electoral votes for, 308
executive orders of, 427
fake news on, 239
and Federal Reserve System, 546
foreign policy of, 614, 624, 630
going public, 449
immigration policies of, 193
and Microsoft, 560
and ownership society, 578
presidential power of, 423
public opinion on, 208, 209, 223, 389,
447
social policies of, 578, 584, 585,
586
unfunded mandates of, 89
unilateral actions of, 443
vetoes from, 432
War on Terror, 53, 57, 631
Bush, Jeb, 320, 324
Bush, Laura, 440Bush Doctrine, 624 The foreign policy
of President George W. Bush, under
which the United States would use
military force preemptively against
threats to its national security.Bush v. Gore, 514, 522business cycle, 552 The normal pattern
of expansion and contraction of the
economy.Business–Industry Political Action
Committee, 350
busing of school students, 88, 173, 174 ,
521
bus segregation and boycott, 167, 168by-product theory, 239–40, 243 The idea
that many Americans acquire polit-
ical information unintentionally
rather than by seeking it out.Byrd, Harry F., 173
Byrd, James, Jr., 185Cabinet, 186, 1 8 7, 298, 440, 441 The group
of 15 executive department heads
who implement the president’s
agenda in their respective positions.budget deficit, (Continued)Full_23_APT_64431_GLO_IND_A61-A114.indd 64 19/11/18 3:15 PM