Glossary/Index A65California
affirmative action in, 189, 190
campaign financing in, 321
cap-and-trade program in, 562
Chinese immigrants in, 155
elections in, 279
electoral votes of, 304–5, 306
environmental policies in, 90, 94
gun laws in, 130
initiatives in, 364
Latinos in, 154
marijuana laws in, 95
and Missouri Compromise, 152
same-sex marriage in, 182
shooting incidents in, 131, 132
California, Miller v., 128
California, Robinson v., 113
campaign financing, 121, 281, 281–84,
31 2–13 , 320 –25
for advertisements, 319, 324, 325
in congressional elections, 333, 334,
387, 388, 401–2
contribution limits in, 121, 321, 321,
322, 323, 325
corporations in, 121, 321, 322
in election cycle, 281
501(c)(3) organizations in, 361, 361– 62
501(c)(4) organizations in, 325, 361,
362
527 organizations in, 269, 322, 361, 362
and freedom of speech, 121, 325
hard money in, 322
interest groups in, 347, 361–63, 366
political action committees in, 269,
281, 321, 321, 322, 322, 361, 362
political parties in, 281, 281–84, 284,
290, 321, 322, 323, 324
in presidential elections, 284, 303,
322, 323, 323, 324, 362
soft money in, 121, 322, 323
Supreme Court on, 320, 321, 325, 362,
510, 524
campaigns, 309–25
advertising in, 243, 316, 317, 318–20,
320, 324, 325, 331, 362, 366
congressional. See congressional
campaigns and elections
debates in, 318
groups targeted in, 205
media in, 242–43
name recognition in, 316, 331
party organizations in, 284
positive or negative tone of, 317–18,
320presidential. See presidential
campaigns and elections
push polls in, 216, 317
spending limits in, 322, 325
staff in, 313, 315–16, 317
voter mobilization in, 316–17, 325, 327
voting cues in, 327–28
Canada
foreign aid from, 641
health care spending in, 598
trade with, 530, 564, 566, 638
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 113
Canyon Country Rural Alliance, 563
capital punishment, 60, 64, 64–65,
139 –40, 520
carbon emission regulations, 457, 459,
561, 562
Carpenter, Daniel P., 585
Carson, Ben, 249–50
Carswell, G. Harrold, 503
Carter, Jimmy, 309, 310, 311, 328,
422–23, 4 47, 622casework, 384, 414 Assistance provided
by members of Congress to their
constituents in solving problems
with the federal bureaucracy or
addressing other specific concerns.Castro, Raúl, 430categorical grants, 86, 88–89 Federal aid
to state or local governments that
is provided for a specific purpose,
such as a mass-transit program
within the transportation budget or
a school lunch program within the
education budget.Cato Institute, 580caucus, congressional, 271–72, 278,
286, 290, 398 The organization of
Democrats within the House and
Senate that meets to discuss and
debate the party’s positions on
various issues in order to reach a
consensus and to assign leadership
positions.caucus, electoral, 279 , 279–81, 282, 283
A local meeting in which party
members select a party’s nominee
for the general election.in presidential elections, 282, 302–4
voter turnout for, 327CBS, 129
cell phone privacy and security, 58, 132,
134, 381
censorship, 250
Center for Responsive Politics, 238
Centers for Disease Control
gun-related research, 479
Central American Free Trade Agree-
ment (CAFTA), 566, 638
Central Intelligence Agency, 135, 265,
628, 630centralized groups, 3 47, 348 Interest
groups that have a headquarters,
usually in Washington, D.C., as
well as members and field offices
throughout the country. In general,
these groups’ lobbying decisions are
made at headquarters by the group
leaders.cert pool, 509 A system initiated in the
Supreme Court in the 1970s in which
law clerks screen cases that come to
the Supreme Court and recommend
to the justices which cases should be
heard.Chakrabarti, Samidh, 232
Chamber of Commerce, 346, 359
Chavez, Cesar, 154checks and balances, 6, 3 7, 41, 51–58, 65–66
A system in which each branch of
government has some power over
the others.
Antifederalist concerns about, 49
exclusive powers in, 51–54
judicial branch in, 6, 52, 57, 492, 493,
525
negative powers in, 56–58
in practice, 53
shared powers in, 54–56
in War on Terror, 53chemical weapons
in Syria, 56, 428, 442, 443, 617, 629,
633
as weapons of mass destruction, 648
Cheney, Dick, 440
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