A66 Glossary/IndexChicago, Illinois, homicide rate in, 251,
252
Chicago, McDonald v., 113
Chicago Tribune, 236
Child Nutrition Act (1966), 577
children
Amber Alert system in abduction
of, 591
in civil rights protests, 170, 170
death penalty for, 140
health insurance for, 541, 599,
603
labor laws on, 81, 116
parental consent for abortion in,
141, 142
in poverty, 581
Children’s Health Insurance Program,
541, 599
China
authoritarian government in, 21
immigration from, 155
income inequality in, 536
in international waters, 642
investment in U.S., 565, 566
in Korean War, 621
outsourcing to, 645, 645
trade with, 530, 539, 562, 564, 565,
566, 634, 639, 643–46
as UN Security Council member,
637
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 155
Chisholm v. Georgia, 78, 500
Christakis, Erika, 122
Christie, Chris, 324
Churchill, Winston, 620
CIO, Hague v., 113
circuit courts, 491–92, 497
citizen involvement in political process,
12–13, 94–97
Citizens Against Government Waste,
396
Citizens for Tax Justice, 580
citizenship
for immigrants, 155, 193
national and state, 77, 80, 109
of Obama, 198, 199, 228
residency requirement for, 177
of women, 156
Citizens United v. Federal Election
Commission, 320, 321, 322, 362, 510,
523, 524
City of Boerne v. Flores, 91
civic duty, 203
civil cases, 495, 496civil disobedience, nonviolent, 170
Civilian Conservation Corps, 576civilian control, 628 The idea that
military leaders do not formulate
military policy but rather implement
directives from civilian leaders.civil liberties, 102–47 Basic political
freedoms that protect citizens from
governmental abuses of power.
balancing interests in, 104–5
Bill of Rights on, 104
compared to civil rights, 104, 104,
151
definition of, 104–6
and national security, 104–5
origins of, 106–12
privacy rights in, 140–43Civil Liberties Act, 156civil rights, 88, 148–97 Rights that
guarantee individuals freedom
from discrimination. These rights
are generally grounded in the equal
protection clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment and more specifically
laid out in laws passed by Congress,
such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
and affirmative action, 188–90, 191
of African Americans, 17, 80, 81,
151–54, 159–76, 182–83, 188–90
of Asian Americans, 150, 155–56, 194
compared to civil liberties, 104, 104,
151
Congress in protection of, 182–85
current issues in, 188–93
of disabled, 185
of immigrants, 192
intermediate scrutiny test in, 177,
178, 179
of Latinos, 154–55
of LGBTQ people, 143, 150, 157–58,
181–82, 185, 194
in multicultural and multiracial
so c iet y, 19 0 – 93
of Native Americans, 154, 155
presidential actions concerning,
186–87
rational basis test in, 176, 178, 179,
181
social movements concerning,
166 –7 2
state differences in, 97strict scrutiny test in, 176–77, 178,
179
Supreme Court decisions on, 88,
172–82
of women, 151, 156–57, 166, 16 6 – 67,
176–81, 183–84Civil Rights Act (1866), 153
Civil Rights Act (1875), 80, 81, 153
Civil Rights Act (1957), 150
Civil Rights Act (1964), 89, 174, 182–83,
188, 189, 577
Title VII in, 183
Civil Rights Act (1991), 183
civil rights movements, 166–72
nonviolent protests in, 167–70
women in, 166civil servants, 456 Employees of
bureaucratic agencies within the
government.civil service, federal, 456, 467, 476–77,
480
Civil War, 48, 48, 65
and federalism, 88
financial support for veterans of,
575
and presidential power, 421
Reconstruction period after, 80,
153
and slavery, 48, 48, 152
states’ rights issue in, 80Civil War amendments, 109, 152–53
The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and
Fifteenth Amendments to the
Constitution, which abolished
slavery and granted civil liberties
and voting rights to freed slaves
after the Civil War.Civil Works Administration, 576class-action lawsuit, 495 A case brought
by a group of individuals on behalf
of themselves and others in the
general public who are in similar
circumstances.Clayton Antitrust Act, 421
Clean Air Acts, 85, 86, 457, 459
Clean Power Plan of EPA, 457, 459, 461,
561
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