William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A67

clear and present danger test, 118–19

Established in Schenck v. United

States, this test allowed the govern-

ment to restrict certain types of

speech deemed dangerous.

Clem, Heather, 127

click bait, 4

climate change, 90, 479, 480

interest groups concerned about,

359

Paris Agreement on, 12, 90, 429, 435,

561, 629

as presidential election issue (2016),

314

public opinion on, 201, 226, 226

Clinton, Bill

appointments and nominations of,

186, 187, 502, 503, 504

approval rating of, 447

and Brady Bill, 130

budget of, 380

economic policies of, 541, 544

electoral votes for, 308

executive orders of, 427

foreign policy of, 629

and gays in military, 158, 186

impeachment of, 413, 446

presidential power of, 423

social policies of, 604–5

spouse of, 440

tax policies of, 541

vetoes from, 432

Clinton, Hillary, 12, 331, 332, 333, 336

e-mail practices of, 300, 332, 412,

413

fake news on, 4, 239

as first spouse, 440

media coverage of, 249, 250

news sources used by supporters of,

240, 240

presidential campaign of (2016).

See presidential campaign and

election of 2016

public opinion on, 217, 300, 331,

389

threats of Trump to, 23

closed primary, 279 , 282, 299 A primary

election in which only registered

members of a particular political

party can vote.

closed rules, 412 Conditions placed on

a legislative debate by the House

Rules Committee prohibiting

amendments to a bill.

cloture, 411 A procedure through which

the Senate can limit the amount of

time spent debating a bill (cutting

off a filibuster) if a supermajority of

60 senators agree.

Club for Growth, 269

CNN, 218

coalitions

bipartisan, 290

in political parties, 276, 276 –7 7

Coastal Zone Management Act, 85

Coast Guard, 628

coattails, 328 The ability of a popular

president to generate additional

support for candidates affiliated

with his or her party. Coattails

are weak or nonexistent in most

American elections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 14

coercion, 353–54 A method of

eliminating nonparticipation or free

riding by potential group members

by requiring participation, as in

many labor unions.

Coercive Acts (1774), 32

coercive federalism, 83 , 84, 85, 86 A form

of federalism in which the federal

government pressures the states

to change their policies by using

regulations, mandates, or condi-

tions (often involving threats to

withdraw federal funding).

Cold War, 422, 620–23 The period of

tension and arms competition

between the United States and the

Soviet Union that lasted from 1945

until 1991.

Cole, James, 95

Cole Memo, 95

collective action problems, 7, 14, 352–54,

353 Situations in which the

members of a group would benefit

by working together to produce

some outcome, but each individual

is better off refusing to cooperate

and reaping benefits from those who

do the work.

college

affirmative action in admission to,

150, 189, 190, 191, 194

controversial speech in, 102–4, 143–44

land grant institutions, 606

student loans for. See student loans

Collins, Susan, 286

collusion, 508

Colorado, 95, 117, 181, 307, 608

Colorado, Wolf v., 113

color-blind jurisprudence, 172, 173,

174–76, 188, 189, 517

Comcast, 366

Comey, James, 64, 413

commander in chief, presidential

power as, 55–56, 428–29, 442, 627

commerce clause, 59, 61, 80–81, 92–93

The part of Article I, Section 8, of the

Constitution that gives Congress

“the power to regulate Commerce

... among the several States.” The
Supreme Court’s interpretation of
this clause has varied, but today
it serves as the basis for much of
Congress’s legislation.

Commerce Department, 470, 471, 474

commercial speech, 127–28 , 128 Public

expression with the aim of making a

profit. It has received greater protec-

tion under the First Amendment

in recent years but remains less

protected than political speech.

Commission on Civil Rights, 150–51, 160

Commission on Presidential Debates,

318

committee system in Congress, 402–3,

404–10, 413

in budget process, 410, 540, 542

foreign policy role of, 630

Common Core Standards, 607

common law, 496 Law based on the

precedent of previous court rulings

rather than on legislation. It is used

in all federal courts and 49 of the 50

state courts.

Full_23_APT_64431_GLO_IND_A61-A114.indd 67 19/11/18 3:15 PM