William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A69

in 2006, 278, 389

in 2008, 385, 389

in 2010, 278, 291, 329, 330, 385, 389,

398, 550

in 2012, 389

in 2014, 291, 329, 331, 362, 402

in 2016, 268, 278, 323, 331–32, 388

in 2017, 180, 239, 247, 255, 296–98,

317–18, 336, 366, 477, 477

campaign spending in, 387

economic issues in, 329, 331, 333,

336, 550

plurality and majority in, 20

recruiting and nominating candi-

dates in, 278–79

reelection of incumbents in, 383, 383 ,

385, 388, 389

congressional campaigns and elections

of 2018, 23, 333–36

accountability in, 286, 291

campaign financing in, 281, 321, 323,

323 , 333, 334, 387

economic issues in, 335 , 336, 550

ideological polarization in, 291

income equality as issue in, 582

media coverage in, 247, 255, 304

open seats in, 278, 311, 312, 334, 335

outcome of, 247, 268, 287, 291, 296, 298,

299, 329, 335–36, 389, 420, 446, 450

party affiliation in, 262–64, 335 , 335–36

party organization in, 270

in Pennsylvania, 309–11

policy issues in, 225, 299, 335 , 335–36

public opinion in, 227

as referendum on Trump agenda, 291

recruiting and nominating candi-

dates for, 278, 334

as referendum on Trump agenda,

291, 331, 335, 335

Trump involvement in, 335, 401,

402, 448

in Utah, 278, 311, 312

voter turnout in, 326 , 327, 334, 335–36

Connecticut, 42, 43, 47, 130, 138, 1 40 –4 1

Sandy Hook Elementary School in,

131, 250, 251

Connecticut, Cantwell v., 113

Connecticut, Griswold v., 113, 140–41

Connecticut Compromise, 42, 43

Connor, “Bull,” 170

conscientious objectors, 116

consent of the governed, 37 The idea

that government gains its legitimacy

through regular elections in which

the people living under that govern-

ment participate to elect their leaders.

conservative ideology, 19, 20, 94, 201, 202

The side of the ideological spectrum

defined by support for lower taxes,

a free market, and a more limited

government; generally associated

with Republicans.

of Supreme Court justices, 503, 513,

517, 518, 519, 521–22, 524, 525

Conservative Political Action

Committee, 363

considerations in public opinion,

207–11, 209, 210

constituency

of Congress, 381, 381–83, 382,

387–88

of political parties, 268, 269

constitution, state, 46

Constitution, U.S., 30–69

ambiguity of, 59–61

amendments to. See amendments to

Constitution

Article I of, 54, 59, 75, 76, 376–77

Article II of, 59, 76, 424

Article III of, 491, 491, 50 6 –7

Article IV of, 76

Article V of, 61, 62, 76

Article VI of, 75

Article VII of, 48

Bill of Rights of. See Bill of Rights

checks and balances in, 51, 52–53,

54–58

commerce clause in, 59, 61, 80–81,

92–93

compared to Articles of Confedera-

tion, 39, 75

on Congress, 39, 40, 76, 376–77, 404,

539

and Constitutional Convention, 36,

36–48

enumerated powers in, 51–54

exclusive powers in, 51–54

executive powers clause in, 59–61

on foreign policy powers, 629

full faith and credit clause in, 76–77

on goals of government, 6

historical context of, 32–38, 34–35

implied powers in, 63–64

on judicial branch, 39, 490, 491, 491,

493, 500, 506–7, 508

as living document, 59–65, 516–17,

520

national supremacy clause in, 45,

75, 78

necessary and proper clause in, 54,

59, 75

number of words in, 46

originalist view of, 60, 516, 517

preamble of, 6, 7, 75

on presidential authority, 423, 424,

424, 428, 441–42

privileges and immunities clause in,

76 –7 7

on promotion of general welfare, 7

ratification of, 39, 48–50, 51, 106–8

shared powers in, 54–56

strict construction in interpretation

of, 515–16

Supreme Court interpretation of,

60, 490, 493, 507, 515–17

and Trump, 30, 32, 65–66

vesting clause in, 424

constitutional authority, 423, 424, 424 ,

450 Powers derived from the

provisions of the Constitution

that outline the president’s role in

government.

Constitutional Convention, 36, 36–48

age of delegates in, 40

civil liberties motion in, 106

compromises in, 39–48, 40, 50

economic interests in, 38, 38, 41

judiciary issues in, 490–91

large and small state interests in, 40,

41–42, 43

political theories of Founders in,

36–37

constitutional interpretation, 60, 491, 493,

500 The process of determining

whether a piece of legislation or

governmental action is supported by

the Constitution.

constitutional republican govern-

ments, 8

Constitution Party, 288

constructivism, 617 , 618 The idea that

foreign policy is shaped by how a

state’s leaders define the national

interest, ideology, and other factors.

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