William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A71

defendant, 494–95 The person or party

who brings a case to court.

rights of, 132–40

defense attorney, right to counsel from,

138–39

Defense Department, 428, 461, 470,

472, 474 , 628

Defense of Marriage Act, 182, 185, 499

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

(DACA), 374, 375, 376, 414

deflation, 534–35 A decrease in the

general prices of goods and services.

De Jonge v. Oregon, 113

de jure, 173 Relating to actions or

circumstances that occur “by law,”

such as the legally enforced segre-

gation of schools in the American

South before the 1960s.

Delaware, 47, 304, 305, 321

delegate, 380–81 A member of

Congress who loyally represents

constituents’ direct interests.

democracy, 21, 23, 24 Government by the

people. In most contexts, this means

representative democracy in which

the people elect leaders to enact

policies. Democracies must have fair

elections with at least two options.

media in, 253

and nation building, 618, 623

political parties in, 286, 288, 289–91

representative, 21, 41

republican, 36–37

Democratic Congressional Campaign

Committee, 272, 281

Democratic Governors’ Association,

269

Democratic Leadership Council, 269,

281

Democratic National Committee, 265,

268, 270, 281, 281

Democratic Party, 264, 292

in bipartisan compromises, 291

in “blue states,” 15, 16

as brand name, 270

in campaign financing, 281, 281–84,

323, 324

coalitions in, 276, 276 –7 7

congressional caucuses of, 271–72,

278, 398

in congressional elections, 247, 268,

291, 296, 298, 299, 329, 331,

333–36, 446

on Constitution as living document,

60

in divided government, 286

economic policies of, 15, 32, 530, 532,

541, 550, 552, 561

in election process, 278–84

on fake news, 4

and federal bureaucracy, 468, 469,

473

on federal government, 267, 532

on health insurance, 572–74, 601

history of, 265, 265–68

identification with, 203, 205, 272–77,

275

and ideological polarization, 220,

221, 400, 400–401

Latinos in, 17, 155

liberal ideology in, 19, 23

media coverage on, 247

New Deal supported by, 468

organization of, 267, 268–70, 270

party unity in, 399, 400

party votes in, 399, 400

platform of, 284, 314

policy priorities in, 271, 272, 276, 284,

289–90

in presidential election (2016), 16,

262, 263

public opinion in, 210–11, 218, 228

racial, gender, and ethnic identity

in, 17, 17

in Reconstruction era, 153

recruiting and nominating

candidates from, 278–81, 282,

303, 304

in redistricting, 390, 391, 392

reelection of incumbents in, 329,

330, 385, 389

on school vouchers, 608

on slavery, 266

social policies of, 576, 583, 583–84,

585

on Social Security, 595, 596–97

in state and local governments, 45

trade policies of, 566–67

on voter ID laws, 302

Democratic-Republicans, 266, 492

Democratic Senatorial Campaign

Committee, 272, 281

deregulation of media, 236

Derthick, Martha, 98

descriptive representation, 378–80

Representation in which a member

of Congress shares the charac-

teristics (such as gender, race,

religion, or ethnicity) of his or her

constituents.

desegregation

of hotels and restaurants, 174

of military, 443

of public schools, 88, 154, 167, 170,

172–73, 182, 520, 521

Des Moines Independent Community

School District, Tinker v., 516

détente, 622 An approach to foreign

policy in which cultural exchanges

and negotiations are used to reduce

tensions between rival nations, such

as between the United States and the

Soviet Union during the 1970s.

DeVos, Betsy, 89, 426, 439, 608, 609

dictatorships, 32, 621

Dingell, John, 13

diplomacy, as foreign policy tool,

637–38, 639

direct incitement test, 119 Established

in Brandenburg v. Ohio, this test

protects threatening speech under

the First Amendment unless that

speech aims to and is likely to cause

imminent “lawless action.”

direct lobbying, 355–58, 364 Attempts

by interest group staff to influence

policy by speaking with elected

officials or bureaucrats.

Director of National Intelligence, 628,

630

disabled people, 89, 97, 185

Supplemental Security Income for,

604

disaster response, 73, 88, 96

Defense Department in, 628

fake news on, 239, 239

discount rate, 558 The interest rate that

a bank must pay on a short-term loan

from the Federal Reserve Bank.

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