commoners, called“irgen,”although both are generic terms for“people.”
See, for example, HJY, KX 1 - 1684 : 228.
128 Hei-tu dang, KX 6 : 29. 39 – 43. Hunting was not the only lengthy and compli-
cated foraging activity. Ginseng diggers were sent out for six months, which
created considerable supply difficulties; Tong Yonggong,“Qingdai Shengj-
ing shenwu,” 260 – 61.
129 MWLF, QL 8 / 8 / 18 [ 03 - 0174 - 1514 - 004 ], YZ 11 / 7 / 27 [ 03 - 0171 - 0167 - 010 ];
Hei-tu dang, KX 7 : 19. 32 – 33 ;Kangxichao Manwen zhupi,# 3249 , 1323 – 24.
130 Huidian shili(QL), 624 : 109 a.
131 Qingdai Neige daku sanyi dang’an, 1 : 19. 327 ; Shengjing shenwu,KX
23. 1. 24 , 26.
132 Huidian shili(GX), 3 : 722 b– 23 b.
133 Huidian(JQ), 700 : 7939.
134 Hei-tu dang, KX 7 : 36. 91 – 92. Of course, the 1694 and 1686 depletions
indicate only a decline near or below the level of practicable imperial for-
aging but do not necessarily mean absolute resource exhaustion.
135 Hei-tu dang, KX 8 : 18. 60 – 62. Wild honey was known as“Manchu honey,”
probably to distinguish it from the“Chinese (Ma:Nikan) honey”raised by
beekeepers.
136 Wu-la quanshu, 86 ;QSL,QL 11 / 11 / 18 , 12 : 641 a.
137 Hei-tu dang, KX 6 : 3. 2 – 4 , 36. 55 – 56.
138 Hei-tu dang, KX 10 : 41. 40.
139 Hei-tu dang, KX 11 : 11. 20.
140 In 1669 , seventy-nine storks were caught; Hei-tu dang, KX 7 : 14. 22 – 23 .In
1670 only thirty-nine storks and four sea eagles, which were the adminis-
trative equivalent of eight storks, were caught; Hei-tu dang, KX 8 : 16. 56 – 58.
141 QSL,KX 34. 12. 19 , 5 : 838 a–b.
142 Da-sheng Wu-la zhidian quanshu, 86.
143 Manzu lishi dang’an,# 10 , 98 ,# 25 , 105 ,# 45 , 114 ;Da-sheng Wu-la zhidian
quanshu, 86.
144 Qingchao qian Lifanyuan Man-Meng wen tiben, 5 : 345 – 50.
145 Shengjing shenwu dang’an,KX 5. 6. 11 , 1 , 43. 10. 12 , 99 – 100. Violations
began to emerge just after a 1699 imperial decree suspending all ginseng
gathering;ibid.,KX 38. 2. 28 , 67.
146 For an exceptional study, see Jiang Zhushan,“Shengtai huanjing, rencang
caiji yu guojia quanli.”
147 Hei-tu dang, KX 6 : 26. 35 – 37 ;Qingdai E-lun-chun zu ManHan wen dang’an,
200 , 645 – 46 ,# 202 , 646 ,# 203 , 647.
148 As late as the early twentieth century,Panax ginsengC. A. Meyer is believed
to have existed in the wild across a vast area of Manchuria from latitudes 40
to 48 north and longitudes 125 to 137 east; Koren et al.,“Inheritance and
Variation of Allozomes in Panax Ginseng,” 189. This is approximately the
area encompassing the entirety of Qing dynasty Jilin and roughly two-thirds
of Qing Heilongjiang north-south along the SAH river. However, the quan-
tity, quality, and accessibility of this ginseng, which might include species of
different chemical properties like Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus sentico-
sus), in imperial foraging terms are unclear. Currently wild ginseng has