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The Roman Empire

CHAPTER OUTLINE

AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

The Age of Augustus (31B.C.E.–14C.E.)

Q In his efforts to solve the problems Rome had

faced during the late republic, what changes did

Augustus make in Rome’s political, military, and

social institutions?

The Early Empire (14–180)

Q What were the chief features of the Roman Empire

at its height during the second century?

Roman Culture and Society in the Early

Empire

Q What were the chief intellectual, artistic, and social

developments in the early empire? How did these

differ from the intellectual, artistic, and social

developments of the Republic?

Transformation of the Roman World: Crises

in the Third Century

Q What political, military, economic, and social

problems did the Roman Empire face during the

third century?

Transformation of the Roman World: The

Rise of Christianity

Q What characteristics of Christianity enabled it to

grow and ultimately to triumph?

CRITICAL THINKING

QHow did changes in the composition and

character of the Roman military affect the

Roman Empire?

CONNECTIONS TO TODAY

QCan any lessons be learned from the

development of the Roman Empire that apply

to states in the twentieth and twenty-first

centuries?

A second-century Roman marble bust of Hadrian

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence//Alinari/The Bridgeman Art Library

WITH THE VICTORIESof Octavian, peace finally

settled on the Roman world. Although civil

conflict still erupted occasionally, the new

imperial state constructed by Octavian

experienced a period of remarkable stability for

120

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