- Huang Zongxi,“Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan,”translated in Douglas Wile,
T’ai Chi’s Ancestors, New York: Sweet Ch’i Press, 1999 , 53. I have modified
the Romanization of the translation for consistency. - Huang Baijia,“Art of the Internal School,”translated in Douglas Wile,T’ai
Chi’s Ancestors, 58. Romanization modified. - Douglas Wile, cited in Meir Shahar,The Shaolin Monastery, Honolulu:
University of Hawai’I Press, 2008 , 177.
6 .“Biography of Zhang Songxi,”in theNingbo Prefectural Gazetteer, translated
in Douglas Wile,T’ai Chi’s Ancestors, 69. - Lin Boyuan,Zhongguo Wushushi, Taibei: Wuzhou Chubanshe, 1996 , 355.
- Shahar,The Shaolin Monastery, 185.
- A stele erected in 1677 referring to seventy Shaolin monksfighting rebels
around 1640 indicates that while the bulk of them came from Shaolin mon-
astery, some came from the subsidiary Yongtai shrine. Shahar,The Shaolin
Monastery, 185188. - Shahar,The Shaolin Monastery, 185182.
11 .Shahar,The Shaolin Monastery, 185187. - Shahar,The Shaolin Monastery, 185190 – 91.
- Douglas Wile,Lost T’ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch’ing Dynasty, Albany:
State University of New York Press, 1996 ,xv–xvi. Romanization converted to
pinyin for consistency. - Wile,T’ai Chi’s Ancestors, 1. Romanization modified.
- Wile,T’ai Chi’s Ancestors, 1 – 2. Romanization modified.
- The designation“external”seems only to be used by internal stylists to
characterize pejoratively noninternal styles. Some noninternal styles do accept
and even embrace the designation“hard”as a pragmatic approach tofighting.
Hard stylists contrast their practical and effective martial arts against the
wooly-minded and ineffective soft styles. - Tang Hao,Zhongguo Wuyi Tujie Kao,“Liuhequan Pu,”Shanghai (no pub-
lisher), 1940 , ch. 1. - Lin Boyuan,Zhongguo Wushushi, 361.
- For a history of the Taiping Rebellion, see Jonathan Spence,God’s Chinese
Son:The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan, New York: W.W.
Norton, 1996.
20 .For an overview of the Boxer Rebellion see Joseph Esherick,The Origins of the
Boxer Uprising, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987 , and Paul
Cohen,History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth,
New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
10 Post-Imperial China- David Young,The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival, Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1996 , 68. - Since at least the late twentieth century an enormous number of books in
Chinese have been published on the history of physical education in China.
The martial arts are always included in these histories, but the category itself is a
modern, Western import.
Notes to Pages 192 – 215 255