index 313
121, 122, 123n279, 127, 136, 175, 176, 193,
198, 242, 248
eastern 20, 23, 34, 35, 46, 56, 68, 72,
82, 85, 87, 128, 158, 281
closed by egypt 87
Genoese attacks 160
Ilkhanate’s trade 93, 96
Muslim states 150
ports 59, 79
Silk Road 74
Mehadia 273, 277
Melkite church 92, 97
Mengli Bugha see Tukul Bugha
Meragha 38, 47
Merchants
Catalan 116n244
envoys to Chinggis Khan 38, 39
foreign 12, 35
function in the state 7
“foundation of the state”^11
Italian 128
expulsion by Janibek 203
Muslim 63
of Central Asia 41
of Iran 41
payments to Mongol budget 11
Pisan 79, 94, 99
in Soldaia 155
Portuguese 16
professional 6
relationship to Mongol rulers 12
Syrian 46n37
yarlïks from Batu Khan 46n37
Merovingian state 13
Merv, Great 102, 143
Mesembria see nesebar
Mesopotamia 59, 122, 143
Upper 69n41
Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor of
Byzantium 33, 73, 79, 90, 92, 93,
241–243, 247, 248, 255, 257
agreement with
Hülegü 243, 245
Constantin Tikh 257
blocking the Straits 141n2
death 258
detains Mamluk envoys 97, 243, 244
embassy to egypt 153
treaty of nymphaion 94, 150, 151
Middle east 29, 33, 55, 69, 145, 151, 200
Milan
peace of 131, 161
treaty of 132
Milutin, Stefan Uroš II, king of Serbia
257
Mirkhond, Persian historian 124n282,
159n69
Mokshya, dimitriy donskoy’s envoy 233
Moldavia 238, 254, 259n470, 263n490,
279
Monacis, Lorenzo de, Venetian chronicler
209n263
Möngke, great khan 9, 10n29, 28n93,
54–56, 63, 64n17, 174
centralization policy 52
condominium with Batu 52, 62, 66
election as great khan 51, 236
gives Georgia to Berke 53
mandate to Hülegü 55
death 57, 58, 66
Möngke Temür, khan of the Golden Horde
72, 168n100, 246, 250, 251, 255, 260, 261
Mongols 35, 67, 68, 105, 108, 110
administrative apparatus 9
alliance with
crusaders 56
Genoa 151, 152
army 8, 17
campaign of 1264/5 against
Byzantium 97
cavalry 30, 40, 254
chieftains 50, 59
defeat in 1260 at ‘Ayn Jālūt 34
organisation 25
strength 27
warriors 30
conquests 6
attack on Crimea 144
expansion 25, 30, 58
functionaries 186
great expedition of 1236–1242 43, 56
horsemen 41
horses 27
invasion 15, 144
massacres and looting 9
nobility 8
nomadic way of life 42
of Persia see Ilkhanate
pastoral economy 26, 28
trade policy 7
ulus 25
victory over Seljuks at Köse dagh
143n10
Mongolia 32
monotheism 25
Morosini, Marco, Venetian merchant
128n300
Moscow 223–224, 233–234, 236
Mosul 23, 50, 71n48, 121
Mugan plain 188