314 index
Muḥammad, Prophet 24
Muḥammad II, Khwarezmshah 29, 37
Chinggis Khan’s campaign against 41
embassy to Chinggis Khan 38, 40, 41
Otrar murders 40
response to Chinggis Khan 39
Muḥammad Özbek see Özbek
Muḥyī al-dīn, qadi of Barda 200
Murta, Giovanni de, Venetian doge
211n268, 212n272
nakhchivan 200
near east 28, 29, 33, 34, 46n37, 48, 50, 55,
97, 145, 151, 166n92, 195
negro, Galvano di, Genoese consul at
Trebizond 118
negroponte 121
nerghi, plain of 252n438
nesebar (Mesembria) 93, 257, 266
nicea see Iznik
nile 16, 21
nocha see noghai
noghai, Berke’s general, and khan at the
Lower danube 103, 157, 248, 251, 256,
258, 278
Balkan rule 249, 257, 265
Central european
expedition 255
raids 256
conflict with Töle Bugha 255
danubian khanate 256–259
death 252, 253, 259
destruction of Soldaia 161
heirs 260–262
Horde
Great 262n481
Lesser 262n481
influence over Balkans 257, 258
loss of eye 68
Lower danube 256
marriage to euphrosyne 249, 255, 257,
261
minting money at Isaccea 254n441
posting to danube 250
reprisals at Solkhat 162
rise to power 72n57
self-proclaimed khan 219n298, 254
war with Toqta 159, 161, 162, 251–253,
255, 263
noqa see noghai
nymphaion, treaty of 79, 94, 97, 150, 242
nusaybin 57n95
Odoric of Pordenone, Franciscan
missionary 48, 126
Ögödei, great khan 28, 29, 42n23, 50
death 44, 57
heirs 51, 52
securing the Jochid lands 43
Oia, Tartar witness 279n560
Oleg, duke of Ryazan 224
Olgierd see Algirdas
Oliverio, Jacopo di 126
Öljeitü, ilkhan 11n31, 49n51, 124n282, 128,
136, 170, 172
ascension to throne 129
death 189n191
embassies to europe 129
letter to Philip the Fair of France
129n302, 169n103
on Volga 14
offer of privileges to Venice 129, 130,
132
treaty with
Özbek 188n187
Toqta 169
Oltarre see Otrar
Oltenia 277n553
Organcium see Urgench
Ormes see Ormuz
Ormuz (= Hormuz, Ormuzd) 17n55, 36,
48, 120, 128n300,
trade route 49, 121, 123, 125, 127, 134,
136n332, 281
Orto, Carolus de, Genoese envoy
238n377
Osphendislavos see Svetoslav, Theodore
Otrar 38
incident 37, 40, 41
Oxus (= Amu darya) 48
Özbek, khan of the Golden Horde 10n30,
18n57, 112, 114n231, 188, 190, 191, 198, 271
accession to power 173, 219n298
Balkan policy 264, 265, 269
Black Sea policy 198, 214
campaign in
Caucasus 192n200
Russia 192n200
conversion to Islam 175, 176
creation of Caffa 204
death 278
defeat by Choban 192n200
embassy to egypt 171, 175, 176, 178, 187,
189–192
message to Öljeitü 174
peace with Ilkhanate 191
privilege charter for Venetians
186n178, 196, 206
protection to foreign merchants 108,
109