318 index
Song (= Sung), ruling dynasty in China
28
Soranzo, Giovanni, Venetian admiral, and
doge 131n310, 160
South-eastern europe 95, 145, 150, 248,
258, 270
Sozopol 93
Spices 97n160, 102n177, 113n228, 120, 126,
136n336, 145, 201n235, 214
Black sea route 95
doubling of prices 214
egypt route 58, 59
great routes 55
Indian trade 35, 79n88, 123n179
Iraqi route 58, 59, 68, 96, 148
Persian route 27, 133, 137
route 35, 36, 88, 95
trade 16, 35, 156
Spinola
Alberto, Genoese diplomat 82, 85
Ranierio, Genoese naval commander
210n267
Spuler, Bertold, German specialist in
oriental studies 3, 5, 6, 69, 70
St Stephen, king of Hungary 256
Staple right
of Alexandria 16
of Caffa 205
of Tana 205n254
Stella, Giorgio, Genoese chronicler
153n35, 203n243, 222n311
Steno, Giovanni, Venetian envoy in Caffa
204n251
Stephen of Serbia, son of Milutin, hostage
at noghai’s horde 257
Stephen, son of the Cuman count Parabuh
275
Stephen dušan, Serbian tsar, grandson of
Milutin 275
Steppe
Bujak 254
Cuman (see also Cuman steppe) 3n7,
17, 18, 30, 42, 43, 46, 67, 69, 98, 111, 142,
213, 222
crossings 99
Mongol conquest 44
Silk Road 114
eurasian 28, 35, 42
Mongol 24, 25
Straits (see also Bosphorus) 93, 241, 247,
248
Baybars’ right to transport slaves
through 92, 153, 154n41
Genoese prominence 94
Ilkhanid attempt to block 97
reopened to Mongols 97
second war of 216n284, 218
Toqta’s policy 258
Venetian attack 160
Sübödei, Mongol general 29
expedition
against Muḥammad II 41
through Transoxiana 142
leading the 1236 great campaign 43
Sulcatum see Solkhat
Sultaniye
John, archbishop of 113n229
Guillaume Adam, bishop of 127,
176n126, 177n134
Svetoslav, Theodore, Bulgarian tsar 184,
258, 260, 261, 264–267, 269
Svyatoslav 14, 15, 19
Syr darya 38, 42, 43, 56
Syria 15, 22, 46, 50, 54, 56, 69n41, 110, 142,
169
1259 invasion 57
1281 Mongol campaign 74
1288–1290 Ilkhanate campaigns 34
Mamluk 70
spice route 35
Silk Road route 46n37
conquest by Mamluks 57
Szécsi, dionysius, castellan of Mehadia
and Jdioara 273, 277Tabriz 23, 36, 47–9, 68, 95, 96, 133, 199,
237n372, 239
Ayas route 78, 81, 114, 115, 117
Berdibek as governor 218n295
boycott by Genoese 138, 201
conflict between Jochids and
Ilkhanids 65
colony
Genoese 120, 124
Venetian 133
conquest by Janibek 202, 218, 219
hajj of 200
loss by Berke 148
merchant quarter 136
Mongol rule 122n279, 147
Ormuz route 121, 134, 136n332
shifting of trade routes 122
Toqta’s efforts to recover 170
Trebizond route 114, 115, 117, 119, 123,
134,135, 136n332, 139
Tafur, Pero, Spanish traveller and writer
113n229
Talki Pass 105n196