The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the 13th and 14th Centuries

320 index

embassy to egypt 170
envoys captured at Chios 177n136, 178
khan 160, 163
legacy 198
Mamluk embassy 172
peace treaty with Öljeitü 169
relations with
Ghāzān 168
Svetoslav 267–269
reprisal against Genoese 165, 171, 214,
263
stopping slave trade to egypt 170
war with noghai 159, 161, 251–253,
263
Toqtamïsh, khan of the Golden Horde
221, 228, 231, 233, 234, 237–239
arrest of merchants 235
battle of Kalka 225
Black Sea policy 225
Caffan
embassies 235
mercenaries 240
defeat from Timur 239
deposing Mamai 229
early reign 223
plans for revival of state 225, 226
reunification of state 112
Russian campaign 235, 236
treaty with Genoese 112, 186, 222n312
first 226–229
second 229
third 234–236
fourth 237, 238, 240
war with
Genoa 238
Mamai 239
Timur 112, 169n104, 239, 240
Töreghene, Ögödei’s widow 50
Törlü see dniester
Torino, peace of 205n254
Transcaucasia 7n19, 29, 50, 59, 63, 68, 69
quality of pastureland 65
war over 247
Transcaucasus see Transcaucasia
Transcontinental trade see eurasian trade
transport costs 20, 21
Transoxiana 29, 38, 41,70
under Batu Khan’s rule 46
Golden Horde invasion 240
Transylvania 250, 272–274
Trebizond 23, 36, 49, 118, 129, 145,
215n282
attack on Venetian merchant 131
customs 125

Genoese

colony 118

conflict with 184

naval base 132

Great Comnenid empire 134, 144

Mongol vassal 134

Polo family’s return voyage 121

Tabriz route 114, 115, 117, 119, 123,

134,135, 136n332, 139

tribute to the Mamluk sultan 76

Venetian quarter 133

Tripoli 72n56, 158

Genoese occupation 80

Mamluk conquest 82

siege by Mamluks 73n59

tudun, Tartar official 185, 227, 229

Tughulja, wife of Munjuk 259, 260

Tukul Bugha, son of Toqta 261, 262n481

Tulunbek, Tartar princess 176, 187, 191

tümen, military unit of ten thousand

men 193

Tunghuz, lieutenant of Chaka 259, 260

Turai, son of noghai 261, 262

Turanic peoples 29

Turchia, Turkia 55n86, 145, 146, 210n267

Turkestan 43

Tyre 79n85

armistice with Mamluks 72n56

Ugi, Tommaso, Sienese envoy of Öljeitü

129

Ukek 100

ulus, ‛peopleʼ, ‛nationʼ 221

Ulus of Jochi see Golden Horde

‛Umar Khoja, merchant from Otrar 38

umma, ‘nation’, community of the

faithful 24

Umayyad caliphate 14

Ungaro-Vlachs 275

Upper euxine 254

Ural (= Iaik) river 262

Urgench 22, 47, 102, 103, 105, 110, 128n300,

214, 239, 265

route to Tana 108

Üsküdar 242

Varangian lands 15

Vastacius see John III dukas Vatatzes

Velbujd, battle of 275, 278

Venetians see Venice

Venice 13, 16, 21, 33, 94, 194, 213, 216, 222,

243

Acre

loss of 151, 160