246 NOTES TO PAGES 104–115
26 Shaw (1984a).
27 Aymard (1973).
28 Evans (1980) and (1981). Earlier discussions include Barbagallo (1904), White
(1963), Ampolo (1980).
29 Clark and Haswell (1970), 64ff.
30 Halstead (1981); Jameson (1977–8).
Notes to Chapter 7
1 On the grain supply of Rome see Rickman (1980); more briefl y, Garnsey
(1983a). On the population of Rome, see Hopkins (1978a), 98–9. On the age of
eligibility: the lower limit might have been not 10, cf. Brunt (1971), 382
(Suetonius, Aug. 41.2 says 11, sc. in error), but 14, cf. P. Oxy. XL p. 13 (J. Rea),
or even, as Keith Hopkins suggests (pers. comm.), 17, the age for military
service; but the higher the age of qualifi cation, the larger the population.
2 Casson (1980); Rickman (1971), app. 3, corrected in Rickman (1980), 231ff.
(40 million modii, around 270,000 tonnes); cf. Garnsey (1983a). For d’Escurac
(1976), 174, 30 million modii (200,000 tonnes) is the subsistence requirement,
not the consumption rate.
3 Pliny, Pan. 26–8 says that Trajan introduced 5,000 new infant grain recipients.
The number is small, and if authentic, suggests that the age of eligibility had
been reduced at some point between Augustus and Trajan (as Andrew Wallace-
Hadrill has suggested, pers. comm.). It is diffi cult to accept both a reduction of
the minimum age and a paring down of the list of grain recipients to 150,000;
cf. Rickman (1980), 181.
4 D’Escurac (1976).
5 Rickman (1971), 164ff. (granaries). For bakers, see CIL VI 1958 (Eurysaces);
Gaius, Inst. 1.34, cf. CIL VI 1002 (dedication by association of bakers to
Antoninus Pius, AD 144).
6 Suetonius, Claud. 18.3–4, 19; Gaius, Inst. 1.32c; Digest 3.6 (Claudius), cf.
50.5.3; 50.6.6.5.
7 Army size: various estimates in MacMullen (1980); add Campbell (1984), 4–5.
Military supply: briefl y, Watson (1969), 102ff.; Wierschowski (1984), 151–73.
Among case studies, see Lesquier (1898), Cagnat (1913), Gren (1941), 135–55;
Le Roux (1977); and for Britain and the Rhineland, following notes. See also
Whittaker (1989).
8 Richmond and McIntyre (1934); Pitts and St. Joseph (1986), 45ff.; 289ff.
9 On diet, see Davies (1971); Tchernia (1986), (wine/ posca ).
10 Animal feed (barley or hay) must be included in any comprehensive account of
the food requirements of the army. There may have been as many as a thousand
animals attached to each legion. See Pitts, St. Joseph (1986), 181, citing Mócsy
(1972).
11 Jones (1964), 629, 1261–2; Foxhall and Forbes (1982), Table 3 and passim.