NOTES TO PAGES 116–123 24712 Poulter (1980), 735–8; Sommer (1984), 36–9; G.B.D. Jones (1984), 868–9;
Davies (1984); Hurst (1985), 123–5 (on Gloucester).
13 For the above argument, see Fulford (1984).
14 E.g. von Petrikovits (1974a); Darling (1977); Pitts and St. Joseph (1986), 105ff.,
114–15 (citing Vegetius 2.11; Digest 50.6.7). For the products of agriculture
and animal husbandry, see Mócsy (1967); Le Roux (1977), 350ff.
15 The importance of tax in kind is conceded by Gren (1941), 138ff.; Brunt
(1981), 161–2 (over- cautious); Wierschowski (1984), 152 (whose discussion
none the less concentrates on government purchase).
16 Lesquier (1898), 354–6, 363–8, with Carrié (1977); Gilliam (1950), 180, 243ff.;
Fink (1971), 217ff. (Stobi, Dura Europos). On British military granaries, Gentry
(1976), 28.
17 Mitchell (1976). On the praepositus annonae, Bérard (1984). For a city’s
response to an extraordinary annona demand, see Bean and Mitford, Journeys
in Rough Cilicia 1964–68 (1970), nos. 19, 20, 21a (Side, E. Pamphylia, Severus
Alexander, AD 233).
18 Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 23 (1918–19) no. 7, pp. 72ff.; SEG XI 492, with Ann. Brit.
Sch. Ath. 27 (1925–26), 227ff. (Hadrian on the move); Cassius Dio 69.16.2;
Ziegler (1977) (1978) (Severan emperors to the rescue).
19 Van Berchem (1937) (1977); cf. Tchernia (1986a), 13ff.; Corbier (1978), 295;
Jones (1964), 623ff.
20 Jones (1964), 623, 1257–8.
21 Pliny, HN 18.66. Italy provided grain, Moesia on the lower Danube rarely
(cf. ILS 986). In general, Rickman (1980), 94–119, but he excludes Sicilian
tax- grain, 104–6, as does Neesen (1980), Gabba (1986), 77ff., with
unsatisfactory arguments. Contra, Brunt (1981), 162; Garnsey (1983a), 120–1.
On Sardinian grain, Rowland (1984).
22 The assumption is that the considerable familiae of the rich (the urban
prefect Pedanius Secundus had 400 household slaves; Tacitus, Ann. 14.43)
would not have been fed entirely from market- purchased goods. Cf. Whittaker
(1985).
23 CIL III 14165,8; XII 672, on which Pfl aum (1960), no. 186, p. 507 is
unconvincing.
24 For estimates of unit numbers we are indebted to Dr Roxan.
25 The fi gures are from Hopkins (1980), 116ff., cf. 124–5; see also Campbell
(1984), 161ff.
26 Egypt and Gaul (Caesar’s Gaul) are cited as signifi cant contributors of cash-
taxes in Velleius Paterculus 2.39 (cf. Suetonius, Iul. 25).
27 As in MacMullen (1974), 33. For introducing us to the delights of Galen as a
source for social history, we have to thank Vivian Nutton.
28 In Garnsey (1979) it is argued that Italian farmers were partly city- based and
partly country- based.
29 Casson (1954); against, Meiggs (1973), 472–3.
30 Wörrle (1971); cf. CIG 2927, 2938; Josephus, AJ 15.299ff., esp. 305ff.