headdress, 378 , 380 , 388 , 390
“heartland” of cities, 19 , 20 , 21 , 22
hegemony claims, Mesopotamia, 593 – 4
Heimpel, W., 40
Heinrich, E., 78 , 89 n
Heinz, M., 76 , 179 – 98
helmets, 385
Henrickson, E., 349
Hetepheres, Queen, 623
hidden monumentality, 197
hierogamic (divine–human) unions, 227 – 8
hieros gamos seeSacred Marriage
high priesthood, 249 ; high priestesses, 211 , 212 ,
248 , 267 ; nomenclature, 250
Hill, H., 349
historical-literary tradition, 502 – 4 , 569 – 71
History Begins at Sumer(Kramer), 111
history/chronology, 111 – 24 ; Akkadian period see
Akkadian period ( 2330 – 2200 BC); Early
Dynastic period seeEarly Dynastic period;
Lagash, Second Dynasty, 116 , 122 – 4 ; Late Uruk
period seeLate Uruk period (c. 3400 – 3100 BC);
settlement patterns (Sumer and Akkad), 135 ;
Third Dynasty of Ur (UR III) seeThird
Dynasty of Ur (Ur III) ( 2112 – 2004 BC);
written sources, 112 – 14
Hockmann, D., 238
Hole, F., 57 , 560
hollow ways, 465
Holocene epoch, 19 , 22 , 40
homes: third millennium, 158 , 347 – 50 ; fifth and
fourth millennium, 346 – 7 ; compared to public
buildings (Khafajah), 185 – 6 , 187 ; cooking,
eating and drinking, 352 – 3 ; courtyards, 349 – 50 ;
internal fittings, fixtures and furniture, 350 – 2 ;
Mari, kingdom of, 528 ; physical remains,
158 – 9 ; working from, 353 – 5 ; see alsoresidential
districts
horizontal looms, 406
Horowitz, W., 317 n
Hritz, C., 40
Huber Vulliet, F., 248 , 267 , 269 n, 270 n
hydraulic landscapes: avulsion process, 37 – 8 ;
flood cycle, 38 – 9 ; information sources, 34 – 5 ;
and irrigation systems, 33 – 51 ; layout of water
supply, 42 – 6 ; mosaic, 45 – 6 ; physical context,
35 – 40 ; river systems, nature, 36 – 8 ; salinity, 40 ,
47 ; water distribution, broad patterns, 40 – 2 ;
wetlands, 38 ; see alsoirrigation/irrigation
systems
hypostatic (flesh–soul) unions, 227
Ibbi-Suen (Ur III king), 55 , 56 , 124
iconography, 68 , 504 – 6 ; Akkadian period, 334 ;
royal, 219 ; Uruk period, 79 , 80 ; women, 361
Idigna (watercourse), 40
images: of patronage, 215 – 16 , 217 , 218 ; of
protecting, 212 – 15 ; of providing, 206 – 8 , 209 ;
Sacred Marriage, 229 – 39 ; satellite imagery, 135 ,
157 , 175 n; seals, 321 , 324 – 38 , 361 ; survey
evidence, 135 ; see alsoart; iconography
import substitution, 87
Inanna (goddess), 182 , 227 , 242 n, 335
Inanna and Enki(mythological work), 437 – 8 ,
439
Inanna and Shukaletuda(mythological work),
437
Inanna Temple, Nippur, 162 , 163 , 291 , 366
India (northwest), Harappan Civilization, 600 ,
603 – 6 , 605 , 606
Indus Black Slip Jars (c. 2500 – 2400 BC), 610
Indus Civilization, 566 , 572
industries, Sumerian and Akkadian; see alsotrade,
Sumerian World
Indus Valley, 454 , 456 , 602 , 604 , 625 ; and
Mesopotamia, 600 – 1
information sources: agriculture and land
management, 55 , 56 ; Archaic Texts, 72 , 80 , 81 ;
clergy, 246 – 7 ; cuneiform documentation see
cuneiform tablets; cuneiform texts; death and
burial, 419 – 20 ; evidentiary, 71 – 2 ;
history/chronology, 112 – 14 ; hydraulic
landscapes and irrigation systems, 34 – 5 , 47 ;
iconography, 68 , 79 , 80 , 504 – 6 ; mythology,
Sumerian, 435 – 6 ; paleoclimatic data, 70 ;
written, 112 – 14
“Instructions of Shuruppak,” 368
intercalation, 314
interjections (function words), 103
interrogative pronouns, 102 – 3
Iran, 559 – 78 ; culture, ethnicity and nation, 566 – 8 ;
Marhasi/Parahshum, 571 – 2 ; Proto-Elamites,
expansion, 564 – 6 ; Shimashki, 572 – 3 , 574 , 575 ;
and Southeast, 453 – 4 ; Sumer and Elam in
texts, 569 – 71 ; and Susa, 453 , 454 , 455 – 6 , 457 ;
trade, 453 – 4 , 455 – 6 , 457 ; Zagros Mountains, 13 ,
14 , 15 , 35 , 79 ; see alsoUruk (ancient city of
Sumer); Uruk period ( 4000 – 3200 BC)
Iranian Plateau, 572
Iraq, 77
irrigation/irrigation systems, 20 ; agricultural
landscape, 57 – 8 , 65 n; ditches, 42 , 46 ;
heterogeneous nature of, 50 ; and hydraulic–– Index ––