796 { Notes to pages 95–104
back to Lenin’s thinking about how communists could mobilize and guide the strength
of more numerous noncommunists.- French rule over Vietnam consisted of three zones: Tonkin in northern Vietnam,
Annam in the central, narrow coastal region, and Cochin China encompassing the
Mekong delta. - Qiang Zhai, “Transplanting the Chinese Model: Chinese Military Advisors and
the First Vietnam War, 1950–1954,” Journal of Military History, vol. 57, no. 4 (October
1993), pp. 689–715. - Zhai, “Transplanting,” pp. 707–8.
- Zhai, “Transplanting,” pp. 710–1.
- Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War, Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 2001, p. 140. - Huang Hua, Huang Hua Memoirs, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2008, p. 137.
- This discussion follows Qiang Zhai, “China and the Geneva Conference of
1954,” China Quarterly, no. 129 (March 1992), pp. 103–22. Also, Chen Jian, Mao’s China,
pp. 138–43. Also see Alfred D. Wilhelm, Jr., The Chinese at the Negotiating Table,
Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1994. - Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 142.
- Some scholars have argued that Chinese and Soviet pressure forced the VWP to
accept proposals against their will. Chen Jian argues that Zhou persuaded Ho, who per-
suaded the VWP Politburo. The two positions do not seem to be contradictory. - Regarding Hanoi’s charges of Chinese “betrayal” at Geneva in 1954, see Chinese
Aggression against Vietnam: the Root of the Problem, Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing
House, 1979. Also The Truth about Vietnam-China Relations over the Last Thirty Years,
Hanoi: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1979. - Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 143.
- This discussion generally follows Yafeng Xia, Negotiating with the Enemy, U.S.-
China Talks during the Cold War, 1949–1972, Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
2006, pp. 76–105. Also Kenneth T. Young, Negotiating with the Chinese Communists: The
United States Experience, 1953–1956, New York: McGraw Hill, 1968. - The most famous of these was Qian Xuesen, a leader in high-speed aerodynamics
and rocket propulsion and one of the founders of the Jet Propulsion Lab in the United
States in 1943. After Germany’s surrender, Qian was a member of the mission that inves-
tigated Germany’s rocket programs. In June 1950, Qian’s US security clearance was
revoked, and within two weeks Qian declared his desire to return to China. The US
government detained him for five years at various locations. Once back in China, Qian
became a leading figure in China’s rocket program, designing its first generation of bal-
listic missiles. - Xia, Negotiating, p. 78–9.
- This section follows Thomas E. Stolper, China, Taiwan and the Offshore Islands,
Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1985. Also, Nancy B. Tucker, Dangerous Strait: the
U.S.-Taiwan-China Crisis, New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. - Stolper, Offshores, p. 39.
- China’s Foreign Relations, p. 524.
- China’s Foreign Relations, p. 525.
- Xia, Negotiating, pp. 84–5.