838 Index
Italy (cont.)
and bourgeoisie in, 580; republican consti-
tutions of, 582n34; revolution in, 468, 570,
571, 672, 578n28, 581–82, 581n33, 600;
revolution in as “passive,” 579; Roman Ca-
tholicism in, 580–81; situation in before
1796, 7, 589–90; specific revolutionary re-
publics of, 590; sympathy for the French
Revolution in, 583; territorial fragmenta-
tion in, 579; and the triennio (1796–1799),
9, 589–90; the Val Padana of and the
bridge at Lodi, 590–97
Jackson, Andrew, 595n10, 741; view of Bona-
parte, 621
Jackson, William, 414, 464, 738
Jacobinism, 485m 486, 490, 529, 529n45, 532,
563, 710; as the “communism” of the eigh-
teenth century, 11; denunciation of in Po-
land, 489; strength of in Toulouse, 782
Jacobins, 12, 15, 144, 150, 196, 256, 324, 384,
39, 388, 398, 399, 401, 727, 738, 785, 788,
792; advanced Jacobins, 652; in Austria and
Hungary, 473, 495; conspiracies of at Vi-
enna and Hungary, 496–502; and constitu-
tional republicanism, 532; deaths/execu-
tions of in Calabria, 660, 660n31; divisions
among, 411; English distrust of, 527;
French Jacobins, 398, 438, 445, 461, 510,
721; in Great Britain/England, 561, 710;
haircuts of, 498; Hungarian Jacobins, 498,
500, 501; “Irish Jacobins of Belfast,” 737;
Irish patriot immigrant Jacobins, 615–16;
Italian Jacobins, 644, 645, 653; Jacobin
Club of Paris, 15, 345, 382, 385, 398, 399,
404, 411, 414, 415, 627; Jacobin clubs, 12,
332, 511, 565, 595; “Jacobin Evangelicals,”
651, 653; Jacobin radicalism, 398; Jacobins
of the Mountain, 412, 452n8, 455–57, 761;
Mainz Jacobins, 562, 685, 692–99, 708; in
Massachusetts, 368; and the murder of
Gustavus III, 481; neo- Jacobins, 567, 787;
Polish Jacobins, 322, 485, 486; ridicule of
the Polish constitution by, 489; Roman Ja-
cobins, 650; upper- class “Jacobins,” 690; in
Vienna, 688, 725
James II (king of England and Ireland), 735
Jansenism/Jansenists, 283, 329, 393, 449; be-
liefs of, 70; in France and Italy, 70, 582,
606; influence of on the French Revolution,
70; in Rome, 651; in Spain, 283; in Tus-
cany, 649
Jay, John, 136, 763
Jay Treaty (1794–1795), 571, 751, 764; view of
in France, 765
Jefferson, Thomas, 5, 13, 136, 201, 255n22,
311, 340, 347, 621, 713, 747, 754; conserva-
tism of, 47; as a “half- way democrat,” 18;
and Latin America, 747; and the “Mazzei
letter,” 766; as minister to France, 166, 366;
moderation of, 756; resolution of in support
of Boston, 136; on the Society of Cincin-
nati, 201; sympathy of for the French Rev-
olution, 756; view of Bonaparte, 792; view
of the political situation in the United
States, 571; and the Virginia state constitu-
tion, 208
Jelsky, Florian, 488
Jesuits (the Society of Jesus), 70, 179, 314, 490,
496, 499, 700
Jesus Christ, 608, 638
Jews, 174, 239, 245, 283–84, 324; in Amster-
dam, 522; brutal treatment of at Ancona,
783, 783n14; loyalty of to the Dutch Re-
public, 422; in Poland, 309, 311; in Rome,
650
Johnson, Samuel, 233
Johnston, Arthur, 150n17
Johnstone, George, 156
Jones, John Paul, 2217
Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 80, 243,
259–61, 263, 386, 391, 427, 477, 488, 491–
93; abolishment of the Leibeigenschaft by,
285, 294, 298; agrarian policies of toward
feudalism, 284–85; attacks of on the nobil-
ity, 284, 286; censorship of the press by,
283; contest of with the Catholic Church,
283; creation of political police by, 288;
death of, 289; dislike of the French philos-
ophes and of Frederick of Prussia, 282; ef-
fect of his reign on Lombardy, 286; en-
lightened despotism of (the attempt at
revolution from above), 281–89 passim; es-
tablishment of German as the official lan-
guage for all business transactions, 288; and
the incident of St. Stephen’s crown, 281;
and the issue of land values and taxation,
288; program of constitutional change in
Belgium, 260–61; reforms of, 391, 582; reli-
gious feelings of, 282; as the “revolutionary