Index 845
and the “barefoot” nobility (the golota), 439;
control of the means of production by, 313;
development and use of the Liberum Veto
by, 313–16; landless nobility, 310; personal
characteristics of, 310; Poland as a confed-
eration of small noble republics, 300; rich-
est noble families in Poland, 310
Poland, revolution in and the constitution
(1791) of, 307, 315–22; adoption of the
new constitution (Constitution of the Third
of May), 319; adversaries of the reform
party, 319; Catholicism in, 319; compro-
mise on burgher representation in the diet,
319; effects of the French Revolution on,
322–24; eventual failure of the constitution,
325n34; failure of the revolution, 325;
moderation as a main characteristic of the
constitution, 441; nonviolence of, 321; reac-
tion to in Europe, 3235; reaction to in the
Western world, 321, 322; and the rights of
burghers, 306, 308, 309, 311; roles of Prus-
sia and Russia in, 313–18, 324
Polaniec Proclamation, 487
Polish Legion, 485, 488, 504
political clubs, 9, 28, 618; in Amsterdam, 9; re-
opening of in France, 618; in the United
States, 737
Political Journal, 478
political journalism, 494, 628; in the United
States, 628
Political Justice (Godwin), 717
Political Remonstrance against the True System of
Amsterdam, A (van Goens), 247
Poniatowski, Stanislas. See Stanislas I (Stanis-
las Poniatowski [king of Poland])
Ponsonby, George, 230
Ponsonby, John, 38
Pontiac’s War, 118m 147
Portugal, 27, 627
Poteratz, Pierre- Claude de, 562, 699
Potocki, Felix, 310, 316, 325, 439
Potocki, Ignace, 316, 319, 320n18, 496
Poynings’ Law (1495), 217
Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea, 586
Prague, 26, 475, 488
Presbyterians, 145, 151, 156, 216, 690, 715;
conflicts between Presbyterians and Catho-
lics in Ireland, 735–36
Price, Richard, 22, 126, 128, 135, 189, 198,
201, 202, 214, 205, 207, 714
Priestley, Joseph, 189, 391, 716; emigration of
to America, 719; as an honorary French
citizen, 415
Prince Augustus Frederick, 380
Prince of Condé, 358, 383, 448, 558
Prince Henry of Prussia, 388
Prince of Hesse, 464
Prince Kaunitz. See von Kaunitz, Wenzel
Anton (Prince Kaunitz)
Prince of Orange, 162, 188, 242, 243, 245,
251, 255, 262, 506; flight of to England,
507
Prince of Provence, 448
Princess of Orange, 253–44, 262, 516
Princeton University, 142
Prisoner of Chillon, The (Byron), 669
Pro Aris et Focis (for Hearth and Altar) society,
263
Progress of the Human Mind (Condorcet), 733
Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the religions
and governments of Europe, carried on in the
secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and
reading societies (Robison), 479, 559,
559n36, 560, 732, 770
Proli, Pierre, 268n53
Propaganda Decrees, 414, 420, 421, 454, 466,
483
Protestant Reformation, 328
Protestantism/Protestants, 83, 283, 335, 371,
383, 393, 541, 541n20, 695; French Protes-
tants, 393, 413, 735; Hungarian Protes-
tants, 498
Provence, Estates of, 343
Prudhomme, Louis- Marie, 423
Prussia, 16, 54, 55, 58, 59, 76, 66, 98, 185, 200,
215, 447, 451; British financial aid to, 501;
civil service of, 27; concessions made to
aristocratic principles in, 302; designs of on
Danzig, 317, 318; enlightened despotism
in, 299, 304; invasion of Poland by, 444,
444n30; Junker nobility of, 690; sympathy
for the French Revolution in, 690. See also
Prussian General Code (1791)
Prussian General Code (1791), 299, 305; on
civil society, 305; on natural liberty, 305;
specific statements and principles of, 305,
305n34
Pugachev, Yemelyan, 218, 393, 314
Pulaski, Casimir, 157, 185
Puritans, 61