S-4 SUBJECT INDEX
Empathy, 430, 452–453
development of, 94
Empirical data, 44
Empirical evidence, 4, 15
Encoding, 286, 288
anatomical, 188
effective, 288
elaboration of, 289
functional, 189
long-term memory and, 288,
289
Endocrine glands, 127
Endogenous rhythms, 154
Endorphins, 82, 128, 213,
491–492
England, Lynndie R., 347, 360
Entrapment, 346–347
dissent and, 361
indoctrination and, 354
Epilepsy, split brain and, 139
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
energy of emotion and, 453
memory and, 134, 286
stress response and, 462
Episodic memories, 283–284
Equilibrium (sense of balance),
213–214
Erikson, Erik H., 104–105
ESP. See Extrasensory perception
(ESP)
Esteem needs, 514
Estrogens, 128
Ethnic cleansing, 374
Ethnic identity, 362
Ethnic victimization, 372
Ethnicity, eyewitnesses and, 273
Ethnocentrism, 363
Evolution and sexual strategies,
497–500
Evolutionary psychology, 6
Excitatory effect (neurons), 126
Exercise
and obesity, 486
stress and, 471
Exhaustion phase (general
adaptation syndrome),
462
Existential therapy, 430–432
Existentialism, 70
Expectations, 508–510
and pain, 213
and perception, 217
Experiential (creative)
intelligence, 247
Experimental conditions, 28–29
Experimental group, 28
Experimental hypothesis, A7
Experimental variables, 26–27
Experimenter effects, 29
Experiments, 26–30
advantages and limitations of,
29–30
control condition, 28–29
defined, 26
ethical guidelines, 26
informed consent, 26
Explicit attitudes, 350
Explicit memory, 276
Exposure, 427
graduated, 427
External locus of control, 466
Extinction, 309, 321E
Ear, 205–206
Eardrum, 205
Eating, motivations for, 485–489
Eating disorders, 488–489
Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 277, 292
Edison, Thomas, 261
Efe of Africa, attachment in,
83–84
Effect size, A8, A9, 38
Effortful encoding, 288
Ego, 44–45
Ego integrity vs. despair, 105
Egocentric thinking, 90
in preschoolers, 92
Eichmann, Adolf, 341, 374
Ekman, Paul, 448
Elaborative rehearsal/elaboration
of encoding, 289
Elavil, 421
Elderly people, 107–109
mental stimulation, 109
regulation of negative
feelings, 109
stereotype threat, 245
Electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT), 425
Electrodes, 130
needle, 130
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 130
Electromagnetic energy, visible
spectrum of, 190
Elephants, intelligence in, 256
Ellis, Albert, 429
Embryonic stem (ES) cells,
124–125
Emerging adulthood, 106–107
Emotion-focused coping, 472
Emotion work, 459
Emotional inhibition and
expression, 469–470
Emotional intelligence, 248
Emotional reasoning, 16, 17
war and, 367
Emotional stability, 52
Emotion(s). See also specific
emotions
benefits of letting go of
negative, 476–477
body and, 448–454,
473–474
brain areas associated with,
450–452
communicating, 458–459
components of, 448
culture and, 457–460
defined, 448
energy of, 453
face of, 448
facial expressions and,
448–450
gender and, 459–460
how to cope with, 475–476
lie detection and, 453–454
memory and, 286
mind and, 455–457
misprediction of, 513
nature of, 447–456
perception and, 217
primary, 448
secondary, 448
stress and, 468–470Dolphins, intelligence in, 255,
256, 258
Domestic violence, in cultures of
honor, 67
Dominance, 141
Doo Dah Parade, 2, 3
Dopamine, 126, 177, 421, 486
Double-blind study, 29, 38
Doubt vs. autonomy, 104
Drapetomania, 384
Dream journals, 167
Dream theories, evaluating,
168–169
Dreams, 165–169
activation-synthesis theory of,
167–168
as brain activity, 167–168
cognitive approach to, 167
evaluating, 169
latent content, 166
lucid, 165
manifest content, 166
during paradoxical sleep, 161
problem-focused approach
to, 166
as thinking, 167
as unconscious wishes, 166
understanding, 166–167
waking, 161
Drives, 483
Driving, cell phone use while,
27, 230
Dropout rates, 423
Drug abuse, 2, 180, 399–400.
See also Alcoholism;
Substance-related and
addictive disorders
Drug effects
environmental setting and,
178–179
on neurotransmitters, 127
physiology of, 177–178
prenatal, 81
psychology of, 178–179
Drug experiences, 178
Drug interactions, 423
Drug tolerance, 177
Drug treatments. See also
specific disorders;
specific drugs
and disregard for effective
nonmedical treatments,
423
dropout and relapse
rates, 423
drugs commonly prescribed
for mental disorders,
420–422
off-label uses, 423–424
risks of prolonged use and
increased dosages, 423
Drug withdrawal,
177–178, 401
Drugs. See also specific drugs
classification, 174–177
neuroenhancers, 146–147
psychedelic, 175, 176
psychoactive/consciousness-
altering, 173–180
DSM. See Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM)Deprivation and insecure
attachment, 84
Depth (vision)
and distance perception, 201
monocular cues to, 200, 201
visual cliff and, 215
Descartes, René, 227
Descriptive methods, 19
Descriptive statistics, A3, A9,
31–32, 38
Descriptive studies, 18–22
Desire
biology of, 496–497
culture of, 502–503
psychology of, 500–502
Despair vs. ego integrity, 105
Desynchronization, internal, 155
Determinism, 324
Deterrence, punishment and, 326
Development, 79. See also
specific topics
Developmental psychologists, 79
Deviation scores, A4
Diagnosing mental disorders,
381–387
Diagnosis, dilemmas of, 382–385
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders
(DSM), 381
major diagnostic categories
in, 383
problems with, 383–385
danger of overdiagnosis, 383
illusion of objectivity and
universality, 384–385
Diagnostic labels, power of,
383–384
Dialectical reasoning, 232–233
Differences thresholds
(sensation), 190
Diffusion of responsibility,
358–359
Discipline of children, 94–95,
306, 307, 334
and moral development, 94–96
Discriminative stimulus, 321
Disgust, 447–448, 458
Dishonesty, 54
Displacement, 45
Display rules for emotion,
458–459
anger and, 477
Dispositional attribution, 348
Dissent, 360–361
Dissertation, 10
Dissociation, 171, 295–296
Dissociative amnesia, 404
Dissociative identity disorder
(DID), 404–405
controversy over, 404–405
defined, 404
sociocognitive explanation, 405
Dissonance
cognitive, 239–241, 350, 437
postdecision, 240–241
Distance perception, 200–201
Divergent thinking, 261
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 55
noncoding, 55
Dogs
intelligence, 258
personality, 56