notes to pages 83‒89 381
W. Chambers, “Woodrow Wilson as Commander-in-Chief,” in Th e United
States Military under the Constitution of the United States, 1789–1989 , ed.
Richard Kohn (New York: NYU Press, 1991), 317–75. At the other
extreme, the anti-Wilson polemics, see Jim Powell, Wilson’s War: How
Woodrow Wilson’s Greatest Blunder Led to Hitler, Lenin, Stalin and World
War II (New York: Crown Forum, 2005). Pulling no punches, Powell
makes plain his view of Wilson on the fi rst page of his book: “Wilson
surely ranks as the worst president in American history.”
- Kendrick A. Clements, Th e Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (Lawrence:
University Press of Kansas, 1992), xv. Clemenceau was not alone in his
view. Sigmund Freud also concluded that the president identifi ed himself
with Jesus Christ. J. A. Th ompson, “Woodrow Wilson and World War I:
A Reappraisal,” Journal of American Studies 19 (3) (1985): 326.
- Other nations also joined the war on each side, including Italy and Japan
with the Allies and Rumania with both at diff erent times.
- John Patrick Finnegan, Against the Specter of a Dragon: Th e Campaign for
American Military Preparedness, 1914–1917 (Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press, 1974), 6.
- David F. Trask, “Th e American Presidency, National Security, and Inter-
vention from McKinley to Wilson,” in Th e United States Military under
the Constitution of the United States, 1789–1989 , ed. Richard Kohn (New
York: NYU Press, 1991), 292–93.
- Trask, “American Presidency,” 297–99.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 116.
- David Trask claims that Wilson saw a need to prevent German hegemony,
but he is vague about just when the president did so. See Trask, “Ameri-
can Presidency,” 300.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 116.
- Th ere were notable exceptions. Radicals hoped defeat would topple the
repressive regimes they had fl ed.
- Finnegan, Against the Specter of a Dragon , 23.
- David M. Esposito, “Political and Institutional Constraints on Wilson’s
Defense Policy,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (4) (Fall 1996): 1116.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 119.
- Arthur S. Link, Th e Higher Realism of Woodrow Wilson and Other Essays
(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971), 89.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 120–22.
- Th is policy would be adopted by Franklin Roosevelt early in the Second
World War. Kendrick A. Clements, “Woodrow Wilson and World War
I,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 (1) (March 2004): 63.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 127.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 119.
- Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 129.
- Clements, “Woodrow Wilson and World War I,” 65–68, 70–71 ;
Clements, Presidency of Woodrow Wilson , 117–18, 121–22.
