Lowenthal, “Roosevelt and the Coming of the War,” 425–26.
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear , 504–5. For a detailed analysis, see Chris-
topher Th orne, Allies of a Kind: Th e United States, Britain, and the War
against Japan, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies: Th e Fall of British
Asia, 1941–1945 (Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard, 2004) ; Brian P. Farrell,
Th e Defense and Fall of Singapore 1940–1942 (Stround, Gloucestershire:
Tempus, 2006).
Utley, Going to War with Japan , 100–1.
William Emerson, “Franklin Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief in World
War II,” Military Aff airs 22 (4) (Winter 1958–1959): 181–207, at 188–89.
Larrabee, Commander in Chief , 48–49.
Ambrose, “‘Just Dumb Luck,’” 60–61.
Ambrose, “‘Just Dumb Luck,’” 61.
Warren F. Kimball, “Franklin D. Roosevelt: ‘Dr. Win-the-War,’” in
Commanders in Chief: Presidential Leadership in Modern Wars , ed. Joseph
G. Dawson III (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 96. Antici-
pating the German invasion, the Roosevelt administration had defeated
partisan eff ort by Republicans to deny Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet
Union when the bill was being debated in early 1941. Kimball concludes
that this preemptive move by the administration points up the president’s
“instinctive awareness of the importance of the Soviet Union in the
overall international equation.” Warren F. Kimball, Th e Juggler: Franklin
Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1991), 23–24, 38–39.
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear , 509.
Larrabee, Commander in Chief , 74–80.
Lowenthal, “Roosevelt and the Coming of the War,” 414; Emerson,
“Franklin Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief in World War II,” 188–89.
Lowenthal, “Roosevelt and the Coming of the War,” 418–19.
For a full discussion of the legislation and its eff ects, see Warren F.
Kimball, Th e Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941 (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1969).
Lowenthal, “Roosevelt and the Coming of the War,” 428.
Ambrose, “‘Just Dumb Luck,’” 61–62.
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear , 479–81. See similarly Larrabee, Commander
in Chief , 48–49.
Lowenthal, “Roosevelt and the Coming of the War,” 426–27.
Ambrose, “‘Just Dumb Luck,’” 60.
A number of historians have made this point. See Utley, Going to War
with Japan , 180–81; Larrabee, Commander in Chief , 64; Kennedy, Freedom
from Fear , 525.
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear , 510–11; Larrabee, Commander in Chief ,
63–64.
