Innocent VIII (pope), 225, 251,
324
Inquisition, 34, 69, 76, 126, 138,
165–166, 271, 273
See alsoCongregation of the
Holy Office; Spanish Inquisi-
tion
Institutes of the Christian Religion
(Calvin), 62
Institutio Oratoria(Quintilian),
111
De inventione dialectica(On Dia-
lectical Invention,Agricola), 20
Isabella of Castile, 145, 167–168,
172
descendants, 73, 124, 174
marriage, 16, 123, 157
support for Columbus, 83–84,
118
See alsoSpanish Inquisition
Islamic scholars.SeeMuslims
Istanbul (Turkey).SeeConstanti-
nople
Italian (language), 12, 26
Italian Wars, 73–75, 79–80, 124,
131–132, 214, 313
origins of, 125, 205, 207, 213,
281
See alsoPavia, Battle of
Italy, 19–20, 81, 86, 166, 168–169,
241, 321
architecture and art, 28–29, 291
Habsburg Empire, 35, 201
Holy Roman Empire, 240, 282,
323
humanism in, 19, 169, 198
Jews in, 140–141, 172–173, 244
music, 221, 301
Renaissance in, 11–17
theater, 84–85, 301
trade, 307, 308
See alsoSack of Rome;and
individual Italian cities
Ivan III (the Great, tsar, Russia),
276
Ivan IV (the Terrible, tsar, Russia),
276–277
J
Jacquerie rebellion, 313
James I of England (James VI of
Scotland), 114, 171, 283, 284,
309, 326
Francis Bacon and, 37
Walter Raleigh and, 268–269
Jan II Kazimierz (king, Poland),
316
Janissaries, 234, 296
Jean of Anjou, 123
Jerusalem Liberated(Tasso), 299,
300
Jesuits.SeeSociety of Jesus
Jews, 171–173
conversion of, 145, 166, 168
expulsion of, 123, 200
ghettoes, 76–77, 140–141, 244
Luther’s writings on, 192–193
Joan I (queen, Naples), 173, 225
Joan II (queen, Naples), 24
Joan of Arc, 173–174, 313
Joanna of Castile (the Mad, queen,
Spain), 73, 124, 168, 174, 228
Jodelle, Estienne, 301
Johann Frederick I (elector), 94
John I (king, Portugal), 261
John II (king, Portugal), 35, 36, 83,
118, 200
John of Saxony, 219–220, 283
John XXII (pope), 92, 163
John of Austria, 189
Jones, Inigo, 29, 174–175
Jonson, Ben, 15, 302, 309
Judith and Her Maidservant with
the Head of Holfernes
(Gentileschi), 139–140
Judith and Holphernes(Donatello),
284–285
Julius II (pope), 175–177, 318
conquests, 42, 46, 115–116, 241
patronage of artists, 13, 53,
214–215K
Kalmar Union, 297
Kepler, Johannes, 33, 52, 179–180,
228
astronomical theories, 34, 88,
204
patrons, 44, 154, 276
Kiev (Russia), 276
Knight’s Revolt, 163
Knox, John, 180–181, 284
Kyd, Thomas, 302L
Labe, Louise, 183
The Ladies’ Grievance(de
Gournay), 98
Ladies’ Peace.SeeTreaty of Camb-
rai
Lady in Her Bath(Clouet), 81
Lais(Villon), 322
Lancaster, House of, 48, 114
Land of Cockaigne(Brueghel, Pi-
eter, elder), 55
Las Casas, Bartolomée de, 183–
184, 292Lasso, Orlando di, 184–185
The Last Judgment(Michelangelo
Buonarroti), 215, 244, 247
Last Supper(Leonardo da Vinci),
188, 287
Latin (language), 12, 78, 112, 319
Laurentian Library, 206, 215, 317
League of Cambrai, 176, 318
League of Cognac, 134, 157, 279
League of Evangelical Union, 302
The Legend of St. Ursula
(Carpaccio), 66
The Legend of the True Cross(Piero
della Francesca), 252
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 204
Leo X (pope), 13, 102, 185–186,
207
Leonardo da Vinci, 13, 53, 160,
186–188, 208
influence of, 16, 88, 100, 142,
270, 274
influences on, 14, 141, 203,
223, 320
patrons, 101, 107, 125, 132,
134, 144, 287
use of perspective, 15, 247
Lepanto, Battle of, 122, 154, 188–
189, 234, 250, 304, 319
Letters to the God of Love(de
Pisan), 98
Libavius, Andreas, 22
Library of Alexandria, 61–62
Library of Corvina, 161
Lilly, William (astrologer), 33
Lily, William (author), 114
Linaiuoli Altarpiece(Fra Angelico),
131
Lippi, Fra Filippo, 128, 206
Literature, classical, 11–12, 16, 112,
160, 280, 288
revival, 34, 77–78, 128, 169
See alsoHumanism, in litera-
ture
Lives(Vasari), 317
Logic, 30
Louis I (king, Hungary), 160–161,
173
Louis II (king, Hungary), 161
Louis III (prince, Anjou), 24
Louis XII (king, France), 27, 124,
133, 176, 287, 313
Louis XIII (king, France), 51, 156,
209–210
Louis XIV (king, France), 51, 111
Louis XV (king, France), 51
Lovati, Lovato dei, 189
Low Countries, 77, 133, 227, 272,
302–303, 307
rebellion in, 250, 271, 292–293,
325Index