See alsoNetherlands
Lower classes, clothing, 80–81
Loyola, Saint Ignatius, 166, 189–
190, 271
Lucca (Italy), 79, 168, 190
Luther, Martin, 44, 69, 114, 186,
190–193, 240, 246
Catholic opposition to, 74, 93,
102, 271
doctrines, 15, 62, 86, 116, 151,
272, 331
followers, 54, 94, 109, 163, 210–
211, 283
Lutzen, Battle of, 297, 303
Luxembourg Palace, 209
Lyceum (Aristotle), 30
M
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 14, 46, 150,
190, 195–196, 212
Madonna del Sacco(del Sartro),
101
Madonna Enthroned(Giotto di
Bondone), 143
Madonna of Loreto(Caravaggio),
65
Madonna of the Rocks(Leonardo
da Vinci), 187–188
Madrigals, 185, 221
Magellan, Ferdinand, 106, 119,
196–197
Magpie on the Gallows(Brueghel,
Pieter, elder), 55
Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo,
197–198, 218, 252
Malleus Maleficarum(Hammer of
the Witches), 326
Mamluk dynasty, 221, 234
Mannerist style, 16–17, 29, 285
in painting, 54, 128, 238–239,
306, 319
Mantegna, Andrea, 41, 198–199
influence of, 53, 88, 108
patrons, 107, 125, 144, 145
Mantua (Italy), 32, 112, 144, 145,
199–200
Manuel I (king, Portugal), 35–36,
118, 196, 200
Manueline style, 36, 261
Manufacturing, 14, 63, 76–77, 119,
307
See alsoPrinting; Textile indus-
try
Mapmaking, 211–212, 307
Marburg Colloquy, 331
Margaret of Austria, 200–201, 205,
282
Margaret of Parma, 201
Marguerite of Navarre, 201–202,
282
Marlowe, Christopher, 15, 202,
302, 309
Martin V (pope), 92, 146
Mary, Queen of Scots, 113, 171,
284, 309
Mary of Burgundy, 200, 204
Mary of Guise, 180
Mary Tudor (queen, England),
113, 114, 147, 243, 250, 308, 309
Masaccio, 143, 202–203
influence of, 12, 48, 67, 70,
128, 130
Massacre of the Innocents
(Brueghel, Pieter, elder), 55
Mathematics, 16, 21, 179, 203–204,
247, 252
Maximilian I (Holy Roman
Emperor), 73, 153, 200, 204–205,
287
Medicean Academy, 185
Medici, Allesandro de’, 295
Medici, Cosimo de’, 12, 206, 287,
291
patronage of artists, 19, 54,
126, 128, 150, 251, 316, 317
Medici, Giuliano de’, 206, 245
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 126, 141, 186,
205–207, 245, 260, 281
patronage of artists, 13, 213–
214, 252
Medici family, 168, 195, 205–207,
245–246, 260, 295
banking, 14, 127, 203–204, 308
exiles, 150, 185, 208, 215
patronage of artists, 48–49, 160
Medicine, 14, 16, 207–208, 241–
242, 258
See alsoPlague
Médicis, Catherine de, 32, 50, 99,
132, 155, 208–209, 231
Médicis, Marie de, 209–210, 275
Mehmed II (sultan), 121, 210, 233
Melanchthon, Philipp, 31, 32, 102,
210–211
Memling, Hans, 211
Mercator, Gerardus, 211–212, 233
Mercenaries, 212–213, 313
Merchant class, 13, 77, 86, 140,
211, 317–318
Merchant of Venice(Shakespeare),
172
Metamorphoses(Ovid), 77, 234
Mexico, 89, 90
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 13, 100,
139, 213–216
architecture, 29, 53–54, 97, 273
classical concepts, 14, 223, 227
influence of, 16, 26, 88–89, 140,146, 274, 303, 305, 316–317
influences on, 67, 141, 143,
188, 203, 266
patrons, 23, 70, 128, 206, 244
sculpture,214, 285
See alsoSistine Chapel
Microscopes, 208
Middle Ages, 12, 57, 76, 159, 257,
260, 307
architecture and art, 27, 28, 47,
223, 238, 284, 285
confraternities, 85–86
Italy during, 11, 168, 241
literature, 235, 262
music, 220
philosophy, 226–227, 251, 258,
271–272
warfare, 129, 212
Middle class, 13, 79, 86, 111, 263,
308
Milan (Italy), 32, 76
conquest of, 131, 133, 134, 169
republic of, 287, 297
rulers, 168, 303–304
wars, 117, 134, 157
Milton, John, 15, 216–217, 235
Mocenigo, Giovanni, 58
Mohacs, Battle of, 161, 222, 233,
296
Molière, 301
Mona Lisa(Leonardo da Vinci),
134,186,188, 270
Montaigne, Michel de, 13, 217
Montaperti, Battle of, 291
Montefeltro, Federigo da, 52, 217–
218
Monteverdi, Claudio, 144, 218,
221, 301
Moors.SeeMuslims
More, Sir Thomas, 14, 160, 218–
219, 259, 271, 292
Henry VIII and, 114, 158, 159
Morgan, Henry, 254
Morley, Thomas, 114–115
Moscow (Russia), 276
Mudejars, 146
Mughal Empire, 221–222
Mühlberg, Battle of, 94, 124, 153,
219–220, 283, 305
Müller, Johann (Regiomontanus),
204
Muntzer, Thomas, 246
Murad II (sultan), 210
Museum (Alexandria), 61
Music, 114–115, 220–221, 227,
239, 301
Baroque, 58, 218
Muslims, 145–146, 172, 221–222,
292
conversion of, 145, 168, 222Index