INDEX I-5
Communist Manifesto (Marx), 188
“Communists,” Mexican peasant revolts
and, 204
Comonfort, Ignacio, 201
Compadrazgo, 185
Compaña (warrior band), 72
Comte, Auguste, 261
Comuneros: revolt in Spain, 47; revolt in
New Granada, 156
Concertaje, 240
Concubinage, among clergy, 104–105
Condamine, Charles Marie de La, 148
Condorcanqui, José Gabriel, 113, 155
(illus.)
Conflict, state resolution of, 11
Conflict of interest: among planters, slave
hunters, and Jesuit missionaries, 125
Congo River, 53
Congregations, 86
Congregations, indigenous towns as,
115
Congress of Angostura (Venezuela), 235
Conquest, 52–75; nature of Spanish,
4–5; populations in 1492 and,
11–12; as theme of Spanish history,
36–37; American civilizations and,
57; reasons for Spanish success,
68–69; conquistador’s vision of,
74; in making of Latin America, 84
(illus.); problems left by, 96–97. See
also specific countries
Conquest of America (Todorov), 60
Conquest of the Desert (Argentina), 253
Conquistadors, 4; accounts of Aztec
and Inca empires, 14; in Mexico,
61–62; in Tenochtitlán, 64–65;
characteristics of, 71–73; motives of,
72, 73; royal jealousy of, 95. See also
specific individuals
Conselheiro, Antônio, 262
Conselho de India, 129
Conservatism: in new states, 191; in
Mexico, 195–196; vs. liberalism in
Mexico, 199–201; in Chile, 212–
213; in Central America, 216
Conservative Party: in Mexico, 199;
in Chile, 215; in Brazil, 224; in
Colombia, 241
Conservatives: in Nicaragua, 218, 267;
in Venezuela, 238; in Colombia, 270
Consolidación de Vales Reales, 146–147
Consolidated Copper company, 251
Consolidation, 252
Constant Botelho de Matalhães,
Benjamin, 261–262
Constituent Congress (1830, Venezuela),
238
Constitutional convention: in Santa Fe
(Entre Ríos) (1852), 208
Constitutions, 180, 195; in Venezuela,
165, 235; in Mexico, 199; in
Argentina, 205–208; in Chile, 212;
in Brazil, 221; in Gran Colombia,
235; in Colombia, 270–271
Consulado (merchant guild), 137
Continental System, 161
Contraband trade, in Spanish colonies,
137, 138
Contribución de indigenas (Peru), 228
Conucos agriculture, 12
Convent life, 120–121
Conversion: papal grant of America to
Castile for, 78; as task of church,
102–103; lack of success of, 103
Conversos, 41, 45–46, 46 (illus.); in New
Spain and Peru, 106; prohibited from
going to Indies, 106
Cook, Sherburne, 11
Coolies.See Chinese immigrants
Copernicus, 147
Córdoba, Francisco Hernández de, 62
Córdoba, Gonzalo de, 43, 62
Córdoba, Spain, 37; caliphate of, 38;
capture by Ferdinand III (Castile), 38
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 70
Coronéis (Brazil), 262, 264
Coronel, Antonio, 201
Corregidores, 41, 82, 98–99, 98 (illus.)
Corregidores de indios, 98
Corruption: in Brazil, 130
Cortés: in Santiago, Cuba, 62
Cortés, Hernando, 62, 64 (illus.),
72; Quetzalcóatl legend and, 22;
Tenochtitlán and, 27, 64–65; Aztec
Empire as Kingdom of New Spain
and, 65; encomiendas forbidden to,
78–79; as businessman, 85
Cortés, Martin, 66
Cortes (parliament): of Castile, 40–42,
48; of Madrigal, 41; of Toledo, 41; of
Spain, 44, 162, 175; of Aragon, 48;
in Portugal, 170
Cosa, Juan de la, 61
Cosmes, Francisco G., 249
Costa Rica: chiefdoms in, 10; in United
Provinces of Central America, 216–
218; coffee in, 217
Cotton industry: in Brazil, 127;
dislocation in United States, 229; in
Peru, 229
Council of Castile, 95, 96
Council of State: in Brazil, 222
Council of the Indies, 95–96, 99, 138
Councils, self-rule and, 99
Counterrevolution: in Mexico, 203
Coups d’état: in Venezuela, 269
Courts: Aztec, 27; audiencia as, 66; in
Brazil, 129Couturier, Edith, 119–120
Cozumel, exploration of, 63
Crafts: in Colombia, 10; in postclassic
period, 14
Credit: in Spain, 42; in Venezuela, 238
Creek Indians, 5
Creoles (American-born Spaniards),
6, 111; in town councils, 99; on
haciendas, 118; Consolidation and,
146; military service by, 146; social
position of, 146; nationalism of,
148–150; resentment of immigrants,
151; revolt of 1780–1781 and,
156; New Granada insurrection
and, 157; peninsular Spaniards and,
158–161; defeat of British army
by, 161; independence as goal of,
162; in Argentina, 166, 253; in
Guayaquil, 166; in Mexico, 170–
175; constitutions of, 195; in Peru,
228; in Cuba, 233, 234; as white
supremacists (Cuba), 235
Crespes, Jehuda, 53
Criollo values. See Creoles (American-
born Spaniards)
Crops: in Mexico, 8; of Maya, 19; Aztec,
23; of Inca, 32; cash, 138. See also
Agriculture; Farmers and farming
Cruz, Juana Inés de la, 106, 109, 109
(illus.), 119
Cruz, Oswaldo, 263
Cry of Ipiranga (Brazil), 170
Cuauhtemóc (Aztec), 65, 70 (illus.);
surrender of, 65
Cuauhtemoc contra el mito (Siqueiros), 70
(illus.)
Cuba, 61; chiefdoms in, 10; Columbus
and, 56; sugar in, 138; isolation of,
231; 19th-century development
in, 231; economy in, 231–234;
independence of, 231–234; society
in, 231–234; labor in, 232–234;
Oriente Province in, 233; Ten
Years’ War in, 234–235; two
societies in, 235; white supremacists
in, 235
Cúcuta, 164, 235
Cuenta (count): of tribute payers, 79
Cuitlahuac (Aztec), 69
Cultivation: techniques of, 8; in
Colombia, 10. See also Agriculture;
Farmers and farming
Cultural relativism, 58
Culture: in stages of history, 13–14;
Aztec, 26–29; of Peru, 29–30;
Muslim, 37; colonial, 147–148
Cumbes, 236
Cunha, Euclides da, 263
Curaçao, 137