I-8 INDEX
“Free Womb” laws, 220
French Revolution, 136, 160
Frescoes: Mayan, 21, 21 (illus.)
Freyre, Gilberto, 131
Friar-anthropologists: Las Casas as, 58
Friars.See Clergy; Missionaries
Frontier, 105
Fuel: for Cuban sugar mills, 232
Fuero militar, 146
Fueros (charters of liberties), 95; in
Castile, 39
Fugger, German house of, 47, 48
Fugitive slaves: in Brazil, 133
Gachupines (tenderfoot), 111, 151, 173
Galán, José Antonio, 157
Galicia: mines in, 48
Galleons, 91
Gallo, Pedro León, 215
Gálvez, José de, 141, 146
Gálvez, Mariano, 217
Gamboa, Francisco de, 142, 143
Gamio, Manuel, 182
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 222
Gasca, Pedro de la, 67, 73, 74
Gaucho, 128; in Argentina, 206, 207,
211; Rosas and, 206 (illus.), 207
Gender: Inca and, 33. See also Women
Gender parallelism: of Inca, 33
Gender-related honor, 118–119
General History of the Things of New Spain
(de Sahagún), 107
General strike, 220
“Generation of 1880”: in Argentina, 252
Geography: of Colombia, 240
Germans: in Spain, 36, 47; in Chile, 215
Germany: investment in Chile, 260;
intervention in Venezuela by, 269
Gibraltar: to England, 135
Gibson, Charles, 112, 113, 150
Gil, Juan, 60
Gil de Castro, José, 163 (illus.)
Girls: education of Aztec, 27. See also
Women
Glaciation, 8
Godfathership: in Brazil, 133
Godoy, Manuel de, 161
Gods and goddesses: fertility goddesses,
14; Aztec, 15; Tlaloc (Aztec god), 15;
of Maya, 19; of Inca, 35
Gold, 83; Inca and, 35; Portuguese
African trade in, 52; in Peru, 67;
Spanish search for, 70; conquistadors
and, 73; mining of, 88–90; in Brazil,
126–127, 140; Central America
as transoceanic transit route and,
217–218
Gold Coast: Portuguese slave trade and,
53
Golden Age: of Spanish literature, 50–51
Gólgotas (urban artisans): in Colombia,
241
Gomes, Fernâo, 53
Gomes, Raimundo, 223
Gómez, Juan Gualberto, 234
Gómez, Juan Vicente, 269
Gómez Farías, Valentín, 199, 200
Góngora, Luis de, 108
Goths: in Spain, 36
Government: rise of, 11; Aztec, 28; of
Inca, 34; of Aragon, 38–40; Spanish
colonial, 137; Bolívar on, 165;
San Martín and Bolívar on, 167;
centralized, 196; of Central America,
216–218.See also specific countries
and rulers
Governor: in Brazil, 128
Grace, W. R., 230
Graham, Richard, 185
Grain, 10
Granada, Spain: Muslims in, 38; Spanish
conquest of, 43, 46
Gran Colombia, 166, 235–242;
Peru and, 168; distances in, 235;
Venezuela, Ecuador, and, 235;
Colombia and, 239
Grandees: in Spain, 49
“Grandeza Mexicana, La” (“The
Grandeur of Mexico City”)
(Balbuena), 117
Grantees: in Hispaniola, 77
Great Britain. See England (Britain)
Great City of Tenochtitlán, The (Rivera),
3 (illus.)
Greater Antilles, 61
Grijalva, Juan de, 62
Griswold del Castillo, Richard, 201
“Growth without development”: in Latin
America, 140
Guachibales (religious brotherhoods),
266
Guadalupe, ruling of, 41
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848),
200–201
Guanajuato, 88, 159, 171, 172
Guanches people, 54
Guano, 29; from Chile, 215; Peruvian
export trade in, 229
Guaraní people, 71; lifestyle of, 80–81;
missionaries and, 105
Guararapes, battle of, 126
Guardacostas, 137
Guardia Nacional: in El Salvador, 268
Guardino, Peter, 196
Guatemala, 13, 216–217; Teotihuacán
and, 17; Maya civilization of, 17–23;
Spanish conquest of, 65; in United
Provinces of Central America,216–218; government in, 217;
repartimiento system in, 245; 1865–
1898, 265–268; labor in, 266. See
also specific leaders
Guayaquil, 168
Guerrero, Vicente, 175, 182–183,
199
Guevara, Andrés de, 148
Guiana: Aguirre and, 74
Guilds: Spanish-controlled, 90, 91
Gulf of Guinea: Portugal and, 53
Guyaquil, 166
Guzmán, Antonio Leocadio, 238
Guzmán, Fernando de, 74
Guzmán Blanco, Antonio, 192, 245,
246, 268
Guzmán de Alfarache (Alemán), 50Habeas corpus: in Guatemala, 217
Hacendados, 81; kurakas as, 112; in
Mexico, 204, 249; in Brazil, 228
Haciendas (estates), 85–86, 181; 191,
193; decline of native population
and, 80; self-sufficient, 89;
colonial social life on, 116–118;
in Mexico, 139, 197; peasants on,
176; dominance of, 193–194; in
Colombia, 240, 270; expansion of,
245–246
Haiti, 55; Toussaint L’Ouverture in, 160;
Bolívar in, 165. See also Hispaniola
Haitian Revolution, 160
Halperin-Donghi, Tulio, 190
Hammond, Norman, 18
Handicrafts industry, 90
Hapsburgs: in Spain, 47–51, 95, 96;
church under, 100
Al-Haquem II (Muslims), 37
Hasinai people, 105
Hassan, Abdul, 43
Hassaurek, Friedrich, 186
Havana: England and, 146, 231
Havemeyer, Henry Q., 235
Hawkins, John, 92
Health: pre-Conquest, 12
Helg, Aline, 235
Henequen: in Mexico, 249, 250
Henige, David, 12
Henry IV (Castile), 39, 40
Henry of Navarre, 48
Henry (“the Navigator”), 52–53
Heretics: conversos as, 106
Hermandades (military associations): in
Castile, 39
Heskett, Robert, 113n
Hidalgo (noble) class, 4; in Spain, 49
Hidalgo (state): revolt in, 204
Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 147, 150,
172–173, 172 (illus.), 173, 196