I-16 INDEX
Resguardos (native communal lands): in
Colombia, 241
Resistance: by Brazilian indigenous
peoples, 125; to enslavement,
160.See also Protest; Revolts and
rebellions
Resources: foreign control of, 246; in
Mexico, 250
“Restored Republic” (Mexico), 204
Revolts and rebellions, 117 (illus.);
Filipino, 5; against Maya, 18; of
Comuneros, 47; Catalonia, 49;
by Tainos, 60; by Gonzalo Pizarro
(Peru), 68, 74; by black slaves, 116;
in Brazil, 125, 169, 221–223, 263;
by oppressed peoples, 152–153; in
Peru, 153–156; 1780–1781, 154;
by Tupac Amaru II, 154–155, 155
(illus.); in New Granada, 156–157;
Creole, 166; in Mexico, 170–176,
200; in Spain, 174; Plan of Ayutla
and, 201; in Hidalgo, 204; in Chile,
214, 215, 260; in Cuba, 233–234;
in Venezuela, 238–239, 268–269; in
Colombia, 239. See also Revolutions
Revolução Farroupilha (Brazil), 222
Revolutions, 192; American, 159; in
Haiti, 160; Spanish decline and, 161;
Americanvs. Latin American, 162–
163; in Portugal, 170; in Mexico,
203, 251–252; in Venezuela, 238;
in Gran Colombia, 238–239; in
Colombia, 239, 270, 271; in Brazil,
261–262
Riaño, Juan Antonio, 159
Rights: of indigenous peoples, 196; of
Mexican-Americans, 201. See also
specific rights
Riley, James D., 141
Rio Blanco textile strike (Mexico 1909),
251
Rio Branco Law, 226, 227
Rio de Janeiro, 263; French founding of,
126; Brazil and, 224
Río de la Plata (Argentina), 88; trade
in, 138, 139; viceroyalty of, 143;
independence of, 205; unity in, 205,
208.See also Argentina; Paraguay;
Upper Peru; Uruguay
Rio Grande rebellion (Brazil), 222
Riots: in Mexico, 152
Rivadavia, Bernardino, 206–207
Rivera, Diego, 3 (illus.), 64 (illus.)
Roads: of Inca, 31
Robbers, 197
Roca, Julio, 252–253
Rock, David, 255
Rocroi, battle at, 49
Roderic (Goths), 37
Rodríguez, Mariano Ospina, 188
Rodríguez Freile, Juan, 109
Rojas, Fernando de, 43
Roldán (Spanish rebel leader), 56
Roman Catholic church. See Catholic
Church; Missionaries
Roman law, 36
Romanticism, 180
Rome conquest (by Spain), 36
Rosas, Juan Manuel, 183, 206 (illus.),
207
Rosas, Mateo de Oquendo, 108–109
Rosenblat, Angel, 11
Rose of Lima (Saint), 120 (illus.)
Royal agents, 96–98, 99
Royal Commentaries of the Incas (de la
Vega), 107, 154
Royalist revolt against Ferdinand VII
and, 165–166
Royal patronage: of church, 101
Rubio, Manuel Romero, 249
Ruiz, Eduardo, 182
Ruling class: domination of native
peoples by, 102; in colonies, 110–
111; in Brazil, 224. See also Class;
Elites
Ruling class (colonial era), 110–111
Rurales (mounted police), 247
Ryswick, Treaty of, 93Saavedra, Cornelio, 167
Sacrifice: Maya, 18; Toltecs and, 18,
22; Aztec, 20; human, 20, 24, 25,
35
Sacsahuaman, 35
Saenz, Manuela, 175, 175 (illus.)
Sáenz Peña Law (1912, Argentine),
255
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 62n, 107
Saint Domingue: English in, 93; French
in, 93
Saints.See specific saints
Salamanca, University of, 43
Salvarrieta, Policarpa, 175
Sanchez Gallque, Andres, 117 (illus.)
Sanders, William T., 12
Sandoval, Alonso de, 115
San Martín, José de, 166–169, 212;
Bolívar and, 168; reforms and, 228
San Salvador, 55
Santa Anna, Antonio López de:
conservatives and, 200; as dictator,
200
Santa Cruz, Andrés, 183, 195
Santa Fé de Bogotá. See Bogotá
Santa Fe (Entre Ríos): constitutional
convention in (1852), 208
Santa Fe Ring, 201
Santa Hermandad (police force), 41Santa Maria (ship), 55
Santa Marta, Colombia, 71
Santander, Francisco de Paula, 166,
190, 235, 239
Santería, 235
Santiago, Chile, 71
Santiago de Compostela, 38
Santo Domingo. See Dominican Republic
Santos, Juan, 154
Santo Tomás, Domingo de, 102
São, Mem de, 126
São Paulo, 127, 264
São Vicente, 122
Sapper, Karl, 11
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 183,
211
Satire, in colonial literature, 108–109
Savages, Indians portrayed as, 60
Scholasticism, 76
School of mines, 140
Schools: Aztec, 26–27; for indigenous
youth, 103; in Mexico, 204; in
Argentina, 209, 211; in Paraguay,
209.See also Education; Universities
Schwartz, Stuart, 132
Science, 108, 147–148
Scobie, James, 186
Scottish Rite lodge, 199
Sculpture (Inca), 35
Secondary schools: of Society of Jesus,
104
Second Letter (Vespucci), 58
Secular clergy, 103–104
Secular reformism, 241
Sedentary lifestyle, 8
Seed, Patricia, 119
Seigneurial class, 5
Self-rule, town council and, 99
Self-sufficiency, colonial, 89
Semifeudal land tenure system, 139
Semisedentary groups, 9
Senado da câmara (municipal council),
129
Seneca, 36
Señor natural (natural/legitimate lord),
112
Serfs, 176, 181; in Spain, 37; indigent
peoples as, 81; in Peru, 228
Sertanejos, 227, 262–263
Servants: of Incas, 33; yanaconas as, 34,
142, 152, 156
Servitude: in colonial labor systems, 83;
in labor system, 141
Settlements: ancient, 7–8; cultivation
techniques and, 8–9; Maya, 18–19;
missions and, 105; in Brazil, 122,
126–127, 133
Seven Cities of Cibola, 70
Seven Years’ War, 138, 146