Motion sickness, 216b
Motor areas (brain), 140, 180, 180f
Motor nerves, 171
Motor neuron, 143f, 174
Motor speech area (brain), 180f
MRI. SeeMagnetic resonance imaging
mRNA, 56t, 57f, 58
Mucosa, 82
Mucosa (alimentary tube), 373–376, 375f
Mucous cells, 377, 377f
Mucous membranes, 82–84, 83f, 324, 329f
Mucus, 73, 84
Multiple sclerosis (MS), 168b
Muscle
actions, 150f, 150t
arrangements, 138–139
cardiac, 80t, 81
cells, 144f
contraction
energy sources, 141–142
sliding filament mechanism, 146–147
fatigue, 142
fibers, 138, 144f
microscopic structure, 142–145
filaments, 144f
head and neck, 150, 154f, 154t
hip and leg, 151, 157t, 158f
major of the body, 149–159, 152f, 153f
pelvic floor, 159f, 159t
sense, 141, 200
shoulder and arm, 151, 156f, 157t
structure, 138–140
tissue, 6, 79–81, 80f, 80t
tone, 140–141
trunk, 151, 155f, 155t
Muscular dystrophy, 148b, 490t
Muscular system, 137–159
Mutation (genetic change), 61b
Myasthenia gravis, 148b
Myelin, 35–37
Myelin sheath, 166, 167f
Myocardium, 81, 274, 277t
Myofibrils, 142, 144f
Myoglobin, 142
Myometrium, 464f, 465
Myosin, 142, 144f
Myxedema, 235bN
Nails, 96, 99t
Nasal bone, 115f, 116
Nasal cavity, 201f, 203f, 344, 348f
Nasal mucosa, 344
Nasal septum, 344
Nasolacrimal duct, 203, 203f
Nasopharynx, 344, 345f, 348f
Natural killer cells, 262, 328, 329f
Navicular (bone), 127f
Nearsightedness (Myopia), 208bNecrotizing fasciitis, 99
Negative feedback mechanism, 10–11, 11f,
225
Neonatal herpes, 466b
Nephritis, 435b
Nephron, 421–424, 422f, 423f
Nerve, 171
deafness, 214b
fibers, 166
functions, 81t
impulse, 171, 172t
tissue, 6, 81–82, 166–169
tracts, 171
major peripheral, 174t
Nervous regulation, respiration, 358–359,
359f
Nervous system, 165–192
Neural plasticity, 182
Neuroglia, 81t, 166, 168t
Neurohypophysis, 226
Neurolemma, 166, 167f
Neuromuscular junction, 142, 143f
Neuron structure, 167f
Neurons, 81, 81t, 166
structure, 167f
types, 170–171
Neuropathy, 200
Neurotoxin, 146b, 509
Neurotransmitters, 81, 81t, 168t, 169f,
189–191
Neutral fats. SeeTrue fats
Neutron, 24
Neutrophils, 253f, 255f, 262, 326f
Niacin, 403, 409t
Night blindness, 209b
Nitric oxide, 31b
Nodal artery, 326f
Nodal vein, 326f
Nodes of Ranvier, 166, 167f
Non-essential amino acids, 388, 406,
407f
Noncommunicable disease, 504
Norepinephrine, 191, 237, 237t, 239f,
310f
Normal flora, 386b, 500, 501t
Normoblast, 254, 255f
Nose, 344
Nosocomial infection, 502
Nostril, 345f
Nuclear membrane, 49, 50f, 57f
Nuclear pore, 57f, 245f
Nucleic acids, 41–42, 42t
Nucleolus, 49, 50f
Nucleotide, 41
Nucleus, 167fO
Oblique muscle layer (stomach), 377f
Obstructive jaundice, 259bObturator foramen, 126f
Occipital artery, 297f
Occipital bone, 109f, 113, 115f, 116f, 117f
Occipital condyles, 116f
Occipital lobe, 177f, 178f, 180f, 182, 209
Oculomotor nerve, 188f, 189t
Olecranon process, 124f
Olfaction., 202
Olfactory areas, 181
Olfactory bulb and tract, 201f
Olfactory foramina, 117f
Olfactory nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f
Olfactory receptors, 201f, 202, 344, 345f
Oligodendrocytes, 166, 168t
Oligosaccharide antigens, 49f
Oogenesis, 62, 456–457, 458f
Ophthalmic artery, 300t
Opsonization, 333
Optic chiasma, 209, 227f
Optic disc, 206
Optic nerve, 177f, 188f, 189t, 206, 206f,
209
Optic nerve fibers, 206f
Oral cavity, 370–373
Oral contraceptives, 461b
Orbicularis oculi, 154f, 154t
Orbicularis oris, 154f, 154t
Orbit (bones), 203
Orbitofrontal cortex, 180f, 181
Organ of Corti, 212, 213f
Organ systems, 6–7, 7t, 8–9f
Organic chemicals, 4
Organic compounds, of importance,
33–42
Organs, 6, 226f
Oropharynx, 345, 345f
Osmolarity, 444
Osmoreceptors, 227, 443
Osmosis, 52–53
Ossification, 108, 110f
Osteoarthritis, 130b
Osteoblasts, 108, 110f
Osteoclasts, 108
Osteocytes, 78
Osteons, 79, 106
Osteoporosis, 113b
Otic ganglion, 190f
Otitis media, 210
Otoliths, 214, 215f
Outer ear, 210
Oval window (ear), 210, 212f, 213f
Ovarian artery, 301t
Ovarian follicles, 456
Ovarian ligament, 464f
Ovarian vein, 302t
Ovaries, 224f, 226f, 242–243, 462–464,
463f, 464f, 478f
Ovulation, 478f
Ovum, 478f
Oxygen debt, 142598 Index31Scanlon(p3) Index 8/17/06 11:09 AM Page 598