(Paris 1899) and E. Gachot, Le Siege de Genes (Paris 1908); Andre Fugier,
Napoleon et l'Italie (Paris 1947); R.G. Burton, Napoleon's Campaigns in
Italy (1912). For particular aspects of the Marengo campaign see H. de
Clairval, Daumesnil (Paris 1970) and David Chandler, 'To lie like a
bulletin: an examination of Napoleon's rewriting of the history of the
battle of Marengo', Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western
Society for French History 18 (1991) PP-33-43· For the war on the Rhine
front see Jean Picard, Hohenlinden (Paris 1909) and for the last days in
Egypt consult Fran<;ois Rousseau, Kleber et Menou en Egypte (Paris 1900)
More generally A.B. Rodger, The War of the Second Coalition, I79 8 to
I80I (N.Y. 1961) sets the context.
There is a wealth of material on foreign policy and Napoleon's
diplomatic aims. Albert Sorel's monumental multivolume L 'Europe et Ia
Revolution fran(aise, of which the relevant volume is VI (Paris 1903), is
fundamental. Also important are Edouard Driault, Napoleon et !'Europe,
again a multivolume monument, of which Vol.ii (Paris 1912 ) is the
relevant one for these years. Later works include Andre Fugier, La
Revolution fran(aise et !'Empire napo!eonien (Paris 1954).
Fully to understand foreign policy in the Napoleonic period one needs
a detailed knowledge of his opponents. So, in this case, Austria is best
studied through a general history like C. Ingrao, The Hapsburg Monarchy,
I6I8-I8IS (Cambridge 1994). More general context is provided by R.A.
Kann, A History of the Hapsburg Empire, I526-I9I8 (LA 1974); V. Tapie,
The Rise and Fall of the Hapsburg Monarchy (1971) and C.A. Macartney,
The Hapsburg Empire, IJ90-I9I8 (1969). The best study fr om the English
viewpoint is Piers Mackesy, War without Victory; the Downfall of Pitt,
I7 99 -I8o2 (Oxford 1984). See also ].H. Rose, William Pitt and the Great
War (191 1).
Biographical studies once again prove their worth in this period. K.
Roider, Baron Thugut and Austria's Response to the French Revolution
(Princeton 1987) reveals the intransigence of Thugut. For Pitt there are
the volumes by Ehrmann, for Addington there is Philip Ziegler, A Life of
Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth (1965) and for Grenville P.
Jupp, Lord Grenville, I759-I8J4 (Oxford 1985). The key figure in
18 oo-1801 was Czar Paul I, so we are fortunate to have a number of
articles by H. Ragsdale: 'A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and
Bonaparte', Journal of Modern History 42 (1970) pp.7o-89; 'Russian
influence at Luneville', French Historical Studies 5 (1968) pp.274-84; 'The
case of Paul I: an approach to psycho-biography', Consortium on
Revolutionary Europe Proceedings 1989 pp.617-24. See also the volume by
H. Ragsdale, ed., Paul I. A Reassessment of his Life and Reign (Pittsburgh
marcin
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