292
Emerson)wasGoethe’sWest-östlicher Divan.GoethecalledḤāfiẓhisspiritualmaster,
andhisauthoritywascrucialinadvancingtheunderstandingofthePersianpoetin
the West. Ḥāfiẓ’s work has left distinct and important traces on the imagery, on
some of the poetic forms, and on important areas of thought, amongst British and
Americanpoetsofthenineteenthcentury.Thischapterhasbeenableonlytotreat
superficially the rich materials relevant to the widespread influence of Ḥāfiẓian
imagery, poetical language and thought on the poetry of this period. Yet, unfortu-
nately, it has to be recognized that, with the exception of Tennyson and Emerson,
none of the other major English-language poets of the nineteenth century made
really extensive use of the poetry of Ḥāfiẓ in their own work. In this regard none
can compare with Goethe, who stands alone as a re-creator of Ḥāfiẓ in another
poetictradition.
Notes
(^1) Seemy‘HistoricalBackgroundtoEnglishTranslationsofHafiz’.
(^2) Cowell’s translations were published in various periodicals. For a complete list, see my book,Hafiz,
Master of Persian Poetry: A Critical Bibliography,pp.332–3.
(^3) SeetheintroductiontoAveryandHeath-Stubbs,Hafiz of Shiraz(1952edition).
(^4) QuotedinClarke,The Dīvān ... Hāfiz-i-Shīrāzī(Calcutta1891),p.viii.
(^5) SamuelRobinson,A Century of Ghazals, or a Hundred Odes, Selected and Translated from the Diwan of Hafiz
(1875).JustinHuntlyMcCarthy,Ghazals from the Divan of Hafiz...(1893).
(^6) HermanBicknell,Hafiz of Shīrāz: Selections from his Poems...(1875).AlexanderRogers,Persian Anthology;
being translations from the Gulistan of Sadi, the Rubaiyyat of Hafiz and the Anwar-i-Suheili...(1889).
(^7) RichardLeGallienne,Odes from the Divan of Hafiz(1905),p.xviii.AlsoJohnPayne,The Poems of ... Hafiz
of Shīrāz(1901).
(^8) Arberry,‘OrientPearlsatRandomStrung’;‘HafizandhisEnglishTranslators’,pp.111–28and229–49;
FiftyPoemsofHafiz,TextandTranslations;andhisImmortalRose,anAnthologyofPersianLyrics(1948).The
translationsbyRundall,Selections from the Rubaiyât & Odes of Hafiz...wereoriginallypublishedanony-
mously,butwhentheywerewellreceivedheacknowledgedhisauthorship.
(^9) Farzaad,To Translate Hafez,p.15.
(^10) Walter Leaf,Versions from Hafiz, An Essay on Persian Metre; John Payne,The Poems of ... Hafiz of Shiraz
(1901);PaulSmith,Divan of Hafiz,2vols(1983).
(^11) ElizabethBridges,SonnetsfromHafizandOtherVerses(1921);BasilBunting,UncollectedPoems(1991).For
further information on Bunting’s translations, see Loloi and Pursglove, ‘Basil Bunting’s Persian
Overdrafts:ACommentary’,pp.343–53.
(^12) Crow,Wineseller’s Street: Renderings of HafizandDrunk on the Wine of the Beloved;Boylan,Hafez: Dance of
Life;Landinsky, I Heard God Laughing,The Subject Tonight is Love,The Gift: Poems by Hafiz, the Sufi Master,
andLove Poems from God.
(^13) Gray,The Green Sea of Heaven.
(^14) BlyandLewisohn,Angels.
(^15) Bashiri,‘Hafiz’sShirazi“Turk”:AStructuralistPointofView’,pp.178–97and248–68.
(^16) Rehder,‘TheUnityoftheGhazalsofHafiz’,pp.55–96;andthetranslationsinKritzeck(ed.),Anthology
of Islamic Literature.
(^17) ForacomprehensivestudyofEnglishtranslationsofḤāfiẓ,seemybook,Hafiz, Master of Persian...and
my‘TranslationsofHafizinEnglish’,inEIr,XI,pp.498–500.
ḤāfiẓandtheReligionofLoveinClassicalPersianPoetry