Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

(Wang) #1
H O + O
H

H Cl H +
H

H Cl−

Base
(proton acceptor)

Acid
(proton donor)

Conjugate
acid of H 2 O

Conjugate
base of HCl
1) Hydrogen chloride, a very strong acid, transfer its proton to water.
2) Water acts as a base and accepts the proton.


  1. Conjugate acid: the molecule or ion that forms when a base accepts a proton.

  2. Conjugate base: the molecule or ion that forms when an acid loses its proton.

  3. Other strong acids:


HI I−
Br Br−
SO 4 HSO 4 −
SO 4 − SO 42 −

+ H 2 OH 3 O+ +
H + H 2 OH 3 O+ +
H 2 + H 2 OH 3 O+ +
H + H 2 OH 3 O+ +

Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen bromide
Sulfuric acid (~10%)


  1. Hydronium ions and hydroxide ions are the strongest acid and base that can exist
    in aqueous solution in significant amounts.

  2. When sodium hydroxide dissolves in water, the result is a solution containing
    solvated sodium ions and solvated hydroxide ions.


Na+OH−(solid) Na+(aq) + HO(aq)−

Na+

H 2 O

O

O OH

O OH
O −O O

O

O

H 2

H 2 2

H 2 2
H
H

H H
H

H

H

H

H

Solvated sodium ion Solvated hydroxide ion


  1. An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is mixed with an aqueous hydrogen
    chloride (hydrochloric acid) solution:

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