Encyclopedia of Sociology

DIVISION OF LABOR

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THOMAS F. PETTIGREW

MARYLEE C. TAYLOR

DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

See Aging and the Life Course; Retirement.

DISTRIBUTION-FREE

STATISTICS

See Nonparametric Statistics.

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

See Human Rights/Children’s Rights; Social

Justice.

DIVISION OF LABOR

The division of labor is a multifaceted concept that

applies to several levels of analysis: small groups,

families, households, formal organizations, socie-

ties, and even the entire ‘‘world system’’ (Wallerstein

1979). Each level of analysis requires a slightly

different focus; the division of labor may refer to

the emergence of certain roles in groups, to the

relative preponderance of industrial sectors (pri-

mary, secondary, tertiary) in an economy, to the

distribution of societal roles by sex and age, or to

variability among occupational groupings. Soci-

ologists at the micro-level are concerned with ‘‘who

does what,’’ while macrosociologists focus on the

larger structural issues of societal functions.