ENDNOTES A43
- Lauren Cohen Bell, Warring Factions: Interest Groups, Money,
and the New Politics of Senate Confi rmation (Columbus: Ohio
State University Press, 2002).
- Jeanne Cummings, “Word Games Could Threaten Climate
Bill,” June 9, 2009, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0609/
24059.html (accessed 9/19/12).
- Richard Fenno, Home Style: U.S. House Members in Their Dis-
tricts (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978). See also Brandice Caines-
Wrone, David W. Brady, and John F. Cogan, “Out of Step, Out of
Offi ce: Electoral Accountability and House Members’ Voting,”
American Political Science Review 96 (2002): 127–40.
- Emily Yoff e, “Am I the Next Jack Abramoff ?” April 1, 2006,
http://www.slate.com/id/2137886/ (accessed 8/28/09).
- Kollman, Outside Lobbying.
- For these and other campaign fi nance data, see the Federal
Election Commission website at http://www.fec.gov, or the Center
for Responsive Politics site at http://www.opensecrets.org (accessed
9/19/12).
- For a review, see Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic
Autonomy.
- Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, Chapter 7, especially
Table 7.1 and Table 7.2, pp. 130 and 132.
- Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, p. 133.
- Frank Baumgartner, Jeff rey M. Berry, Marie Hojnacki, David
C. Kimball, and Beth L. Leech, Lobbying and Policy Change:
Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why (Chicago: University of Chi-
cago Press, 2009).
- Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, Chapter 7, pp. 120–46.
- John M. Berry, The Interest Group Society (New York: Harper
Collins, 1997); Raymond A. Bauer, Ithiel de Sola Pool, and
Lewis Dexter, American Business and Public Policy (New
York: Atherton Press, 1963).
- Kollman, Outside Lobbying.
- Austen-Smith and Wright, “Counteractive Lobbying ”; Frank
R. Baumgartner and Beth L. Leech, “The Multiple Ambiguities
of ‘Counteractive Lobbying,’ ” American Journal of Political
Science 40 (1996): 521–42.
You Decide
a Jacob Weisberg, “Three Cities, Three Scandals: What Jack
Abramoff , Anthony Pellicano, and Jared Paul Stern Have in
Common,” Slate, April 9, 2006, http://www.slate.com/id/2140238
(accessed 10/25/12).
b Associated Press, “Others Caught up in Abramoff Scandal,”
New York Times, March 23, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/
us/AP-Griles-Abramoff -Glance.htm (accessed 4/5/07). Associ-
ated Press, “Former Deputy Interior Secretary to Plead Guilty
in Lobbyist Case,” New York Times, March 23, 2007, www
.nytimes.com/aponline/washington/AP-Griles-Abramoff
.html (accessed 4/5/07).
c For the full text of this proposal, see League of Women Vot-
ers et al., “Ethics and Lobbying Reform: Six Benchmarks for
Lobbying Reform,” January 23, 2006, http://www.lwv.org (accessed
9/11/12).
proposed lobbying regulations can be found on the website
of the Congressional Research Service at http://www.opencrs.com
(accessed 9/19/12).
- Frank Baumgartner and Beth Leech, Basic Interests: The
Importance of Interest Groups in Politics and in Political
Science (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999),
p. 109.
- Timothy M. LaPira, and Nicholas A. Semanko. 2005. “Draw-
ing Lobbyists to Washington: Government Activity and the
Demand for Advocacy,” Political Research Quarterly 58,
1 (March): 19–30
- Leslie Wayne, “Documents Show Extent of Lobbying by
Boeing,” New York Times, September 3, 2003.
- Center for Responsive Politics, Lobbying Spending Data-
base, “General Electric Summary, 2006,” http://www.opensecrets
.org/lobbyists/clientsum.asp?txtname=General+Electric&
year=2006 (accessed 4/7/08).
- Center for Responsive Politics, Lobbying Spending Data-
base, “Sierra Club Summary, 2006,” http://www.opensecrets.org/
lobbyists/clientsum.asp?txtname=Sierra+Club&year=2006
(accessed 4/7/08).
- For more on this argument, see Tim Harford, “There’s Not
Enough Money in Politics,” Slate, April 1, 2006, http://www.slate
.com/id/2138874 (accessed 4/8/08); and Stephen Ansolabe-
here, John M. de Figueiredo, and James M. Snyder, “Why Is
There So Little Money in American Politics?” Journal of Eco-
nomic Perspectives 17 (2003): 105–30.
- Ken Kollman, Outside Lobbying (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1998).
- Jack Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America (Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).
- John P. Heinz, Edward O. Laumann, and Robert Salisbury,
The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policymaking
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
- Kay Lehman Schlozman and John Tierney, Organized Inter-
ests and American Democracy (New York: HarperCollins,
1986).
- Christine A. DeGregorio, Networks of Champions: Leader-
ship, Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992).
- Daniel Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy:
Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive
Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 2002).
- Public Citizen Publications, http://www.citizen.org/publications
(accessed 7/25/09).
- Derived from a search of the NRA Institute for Legislative
Action site, http://www.nraila.org (accessed 9/19/12).
- Kim Scheppele and Jack L. Walker, “The Litigation Strategies
of Interest Groups,” in Mobilizing Interest Groups in America,
ed. Jack Walker (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
1991).
- Kevin W. Hula, Lobbying Together: Interest Group Coalitions
in Legislative Politics (Washington, DC: Georgetown Univer-
sity Press, 1999).
