Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

1254 Index

gold (continued) economy 345–346 metallurgy 678, 679, 683f, 684 f, 685, 687, 687f mining, quarrying, and salt making 741, 743 money and coinage 752, 755 science 949 weights and measures 1182 Golden Fleece 247 goldsmiths 687–688 gold thread 274 gongs 768 Good Goddess 469 goosefoot 48 Gortyn, Law Code of 635–636 Gothic alphabet 1189 Goths 731 government organization 507–543 Africa 508–511 Americas 534–539, 536f Asia and the Pacifi c 519–524 cities 221 economy 368–369 Egypt 511–514 Europe 524–526 Greece 526–530, 539–541 Middle East 514–519, 516m Rome 530–534, 541–542 social organization 1025 governors government organization 514 migration and population movements 716 Gracchus, Gaius 879 Graeco-Roman Period 286–288 graffi ti roads and bridges 884, 885 writing 1191 graft ing 36, 41 grain law 480 grains. See also specifi c grains, e.g.: millet Africa 19 agriculture 21, 25, 38, 40–41, 47 economy 368 food and diet 479 money and coinage 755 occupations 809 storage and preservation 1061, 1065 trade and exchange 1103 weights and measures 1178–1179 granaries economy 357–358 storage and preservation 1063, 1063f, 1064, 1066, 1068, 1069

Gran Chaco 268 granite 743 granulation technique 118 grapes agriculture 38, 41, 42, 45 climate and geography 260 grave goods. See also mortu- ary goods death and burial practices 315, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322 household goods 566 religion and cosmology 862–863 grave pit 314f g raves 318, 319, 321 gravestones 319 graywacke 743 Great Edict of Horemheb 623 Great Flood 648–649 Great Goddess 120, 121 Great Harris Papyrus 347f Great Lakes 265 Great Lance 121–122 Great Lyre 99 Great Mica Grave 322 Great Migration 794 Great Mother goddess 469 Great Plains 265 Great Pyramid (Giza) architecture 57–58 astronomy 124 building techniques and materials 153, 154 death and burial practices 314 empires and dynasties 392 resistance and dissent 871 science 928 Great Pyramid (La Venta) 83 Great Sphinx of Giza 58 Great Stupa (Sanchi, India) art 102 building techniques and materials 155–156 sacred sites 902 Great Temple of Ramses II 153 Great Tomb Robbery 624 Great Wall of China architecture 67–68 borders and frontiers 139 military 730 scandals and corruption 913 Great Zimbabwe astronomy 124 empires and dynasties 388 Greco-Roman Period 396 Greece. See also Athens adornment 11–12, 11f agriculture 36–40, 37f architecture 73–77, 76f a r t 110 –114, 111f astronomy 130–132, 136–137

borders and frontiers 14 6 –147, 14 6f building techniques and materials 158–160, 159f calendars and clocks 170–171 ceramics and pottery 182–183, 182f children 194–196, 195f, 199–200 cities 222–226, 224m climate and geography 252, 256–260, 271 clothing and footwear 272, 273, 279–281, 280f craft s 292–293 crime and punishment 296, 302–303 death and burial practices 319–320, 319f drama and theater 327– 328, 334–335, 334f economy 362–366 education 382–384 empires and dynasties 387–388, 409–413, 424 employment and labor 431–432 exploration 436, 442–443 family 454–456, 455f festivals 468–469 food and diet 479–480, 480 f foreigners and barbarians 488–490 gender structures and roles 500–501, 500f, 506 government organization 526–530, 539–541 health and disease 552– 553, 553f, 559–560 household goods 567–568, 567 f hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 578–580, 579f illumination 589–590 inventions 600–601 language 613, 616–618 laws and legal codes 628– 629, 635–636 literature 655–660, 672–673 metallurgy 684–685 migration and population movements 710–715, 723–724 military 732–734, 738–739 mining, quarrying, and sa lt ma k i ng 747–749 money and coinage 759–760 music and musical instru- ments 769–770 natural disasters 780–781 numbers and counting 803–805

occupations 814–816 pandemics and epidemics 825–827 religion and cosmology 853–857 resistance and dissent 877–879 roads and bridges 889–890 sacred sites 904–905 scandals and corruption 915–916, 919–920 science 937–941, 950–951 seafaring and navigation 957–959, 958f settlement patterns 970–971 ships and shipbuilding 980–981 slaves and slavery 991– 993, 997–998 social collapse and aban- donment 1005–1006 social organization 1031– 1035 sports and recreation 1054–1055, 1058–1059 storage and preservation 1067–1069 textiles and needlework 1081–1082 towns and villages 1092– 1093 trade and exchange 1103, 1105, 1108–1109 t ra nspor tat ion 1117–1118 war and conquest 1145– 1149 weaponry and armor 1168–1169 weights and measures 1179–1180 writing 1189–1190 Greek alphabet education 383 writing 1189 Greek language 413 Greenberg, Joseph 720 Gregorian calendar 168 Gregory XIII (pope) 165, 171, 172 grid lines 94 grids 803 grid systems 1093 grinding stones 561, 562, 570 griot 328 groma 160 guanaco. See llamas guano 949 Gucheng 216 Guila Naquitz cave 295 guild militias 730 guilds craft s 290, 293 drama and theater 331 money and coinage 757 guinea pig 47

1235-1286_SocCultAnctWrld-v4_idx1254 1254 10/10/07 3:32:23 PM

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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