Islam at War: A History

INDEX 277

successions: disputed, 60, 101–2;
problems with, 78, 138
Sudan: army of, 165–66; under Egyptian
rule, 157, 159–60; under the khalifa,
164–66; Osama bin Laden in, 247–48
Sudanese Rebellion, 161–64
Sudoon al Ajami, 69
Suez Canal: attack on, 177; battles
around, 182; building of, 157–58;
fighting around, 130
abu-Sufyan, 8
suicide bombers, 242–43, 244
Sujah, Shah, 155
Sulaiman, 84
Suleiman bin Abdulmelik, Caliph, 143,
151
Suleiman I, “the Magnificent,” 103–4,
107, 109, 146, 148
Suleiman II, 117
Suleiman Pasha, 94
Suliman-el-Halepi, 73
Sunnis, 45
Suraj-ud-Dowlah, 60
Syria, 11–12, 25–26, 120, 183
Sziget, Siege of, 105

Taj al-Mulk Buri, 237
Taj Mahal, 58
Taliban, 200–202, 206, 226, 248
Tamai, Battle of, 163
Tamerlane: in Anatolia, 97–98, 106;
conquest of India, 53, 57, 62; sack of
Damascus, 68–69; threat of, 143–44
Tancred, Prince of Antioch, 236
tanks, use of, 184–85, 187
Tarik, Abu Zora, 81–82
taxes, 25; Byzantine, 25; on the
conquered, 221;jizyah(tribute), 11,
20, 27, 59, 214, 217, 225, 230–31;
Muslim, 33; refusals of, 16; as
religious policy, 227–28;zakah(poor
tax), 13
technological advances, importance of,
153–54, 168, 172, 257–58

Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, 159

temples, destruction of, 55, 57, 59, 74,

75, 84, 224–26.See alsoidols,

smashing of

terrorism: Hamas view of, 245; historical

use of, 229; in Israel, 173; in the

Koran, 219–21; modern use of, 204,

205, 244, 252, 262

Tewfik Pasha, 158–59

Theodore, 31–32

Theodorus, 26

Thokoly, King of Hungary, 114, 115

al-Thumma, 143

Tiruri, Battle of, 55–56

Tlas, General Mustafa, 184

Toghtekin, Emir of Damascus, 236

Tokay, Battle of, 104

Toledo: Battle of, 86; capture of, 82;

capture of by Christians, 85

Tours, Battle of, 82–83, 88

Townshend, General, 130–31

Treaty of Berlin, 127, 135

Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainarj, 76

Treaty of Lapseki, 98

Treaty of Lausanne, 133

Treaty of London, 77–78

Treaty of Pruth, 117

Treaty of San Stefano, 127, 135

Treaty of Se`vres, 132

Trench, Battle of, 208

Tripoli, 146, 151, 222

Tripolitza, capture of, 77

Tughlak, Muhammad, 57

Tugrul Bey, 91–92, 106

Tulaiha, 17

Turan Shah, 64, 79

Turkish government, reforms from, 123

Turkoman, settling of, 96

Turks, massacres of after WWI, 131

Ukkasha, murder of, 17

Uluch Ali, 149–50

Umar, Caliph, 4, 28, 30–31

Umar ibn al Khattab, Caliph, 21