APPENDIX ■ 275albedo. Th e albedo of a city or a district depends on surfaces’ arrangement;
materials used for roofs, paving, coatings, and the like; and solar position. Th e
third work proposes a simulation tool that permits one to evaluate the impact
of the outdoor urban environment on buildings’ energy consumption. Th is
analysis permits us to propose morphology indicators to compare the relative
effi ciencies of diff erent typologies. Th e conclusion discusses the relevance of
using indicators (based on physics or morphology, related to site or to built
form) in the urban design process and proposes a methodology to produce
indicators.
Towards CO 2 Neutral City Planning—The Rotterdam Energy
Approach and Planning (REAP)
Andy van den Dobbelsteen, Nico Tillie, Marc Joubert, Wim de Jager, and
Duzan Doepel
By the year 2025, the city of Rotterdam, with the largest port in Europe, aims
to reduce its CO 2 emissions by half, an ambitious plan that will require a revo-
lutionary approach to urban areas. One proactive response to this challenge is
an exploratory study of the Hart van Zuid district. An interdisciplinary team
has investigated how to tackle CO 2 issues in a structured way. Th is has resulted
in the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP) methodology. REAP
supports initial demand for energy, propagates the use of waste fl ows, and
advocates use of renewable energy sources to satisfy the remaining demand.
REAP can be applied at all levels: individual buildings, clusters of buildings,
and even whole neighborhoods. Applying REAP to the Hart van Zuid district
has shown that this area can become CO 2 neutral. Most important, REAP can
be applied regardless of location.
An Investigation of Climate Strategies in the Buildings Sector in
Chinese Cities
Jun Li
About 60 percent of Chinese people will be living in cities by 2030. Energy
consumption and GHG emissions could increase exponentially with unprece-
dented urban expansion and constant rise in living standards as a result of life-
style change without drastic policies being undertaken immediately. Because
of its long lifetime characteristics, the quality of large-scale urban infrastruc-
ture is critical to the achievement of long-term GHG emissions mitigation
objectives in the next decades given the spectacular pace of urban develop-
ment (for example, China will build the equivalent of the whole EU’s existing
housing area of the European Union [EU] by 2020). Here we investigate the