Appendix 3.01 Survey of The Neurosciences and Music I
- Conference 2002
Part III: Music and Development
Title, Category
Aim
Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.
Technology & Procedure
Main focus of interest
Conclusion
- Saffran (397
-401)
Musical learning and language development
Cat
. 6: Phonetic sounds
Cat. 9: Child development
*46. Trehub (402
-413)
Toward a developmental psychology of music
Cat. 7: Culture Cat
. 9: Child development
47. Krumhansl (414
-428)
Experience in music cognition
Cat
. 1: Melody
Cat. 13: Expectation
*48. Drake & Ben el Heni (429
-437)
Synchronizing with music
Cat. 4: Timing Cat
. 7
: Cultur
e
The role of statistical learning for infants’ acquisition of language and music: tracking pat
-terns in the environment
Emphasizing the
importance
of studying percep
tual
abilities of children for a general understanding of cognition
Ecological meth
odology,
related to melodic pat
terns
representative of listeners’ musical experience
Hypothesis: Passive acculturation by implicit learning.
We pick up
regularities in the music we hear
Nonsense sequences of syllables, word bou
ndaries
not marked. Pseudo
-musi
cal
analog, each syllable translated into pure tone CR: Neutral Recordings:
Numerous kinds
of musical material in different types of research. Instru-mental excerpts from popular TV programs
CR:
Western, Western
popular
, Japanese
Piano timbre: 4
-tone melodic
patterns that clearly specify a tonality: scale degrees 5123 and 5176, frequent in Western music
CR: Western
Recordings
of typical popular
music,
6 French and
6 Tunisian songs
CR: French, Tunisian
Eight
-month
-old infants
were
tested using the Headturn Preference Procedure Comprehensive review of research in developmental psychology. 93 references
12 musically trained subjects
.
Sparse fMRI while listening to initial patterns followed by tones that were or not were frequent continuations.
Plus review of research.
24 Tunisian,
24 French
adults. In each group, half were musicians. Task: Tapping procedures accor
ding to the Dynamic Attending Theory: spontaneous tapping and tapping in time w. music
Potential contributions of statistical learning: ability to track consistent patterns in the input to discover units and structures
Consonance / dissonance. Pitch, T
empo,
Absolute Pi
tch
(AP).
Participants judge how well continuation tones fit their expectations. Timing and task effects on brain activations
Number of hierarchical levels of synchronized tapping with music. Task: to tap slower and faster in synchrony
.
The Dynamic Attending Theory
proposes that each
individual has an internal rhythm or rate at which event processing is optimal
Infants can detect struct
ure
using statistical cues
,
rapidly and in the absence of reinforcement
A developmental approach can provi
de insights of
comparable importance on many issues of music cognition
. At times, naïveté
about cultural conventions leads infants to outperform adults
on specific speech and
music tasks. (p. 404)
Rig
ht inferior frontal activation
in the processing of
melodies
compared to monotone patterns
A person taps slower with the music from a familiar culture, synchronizing at higher hierarchical levels. Passive acculturation plays an important role in perceiving music of own culture.
Stronger influence
than musi
cal training
The
Headturn Preference Procedure
: A t
echnique used to collect behavioral data from infant subjects. It involves teaching the infant that when they turn their head
in a certain way, usually to face
a visual stimuli, an auditory stimulus will
take place. This way the infant controls what he/she listens too.
http://www.psychology.uiowa.edu/labs/maclab/references.asp