Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.03 Survey of The Neurosciences

and Music III Conference 2008

Disorders and Plasticity

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

38S

. Grimaul et al.

(273

-277)

Acoustic short

-term memory

for pitch

Cat. 1: Pitch

Cat. 14: Memory

39S

. Groussard et al.
(278

-281)

Neural correlates underlying musical semantic memory Cat. 13: Recognition

Cat. 14: Memory

40S

. Pecenka & Keller
(282

-286)

Auditory imagery and musical synchronization

Cat.14: Auditory imagery

Cat. 17: Sensory

-motor

41S

.Tew et al.

(287

-290)

Melody representation in infants

Cat. 1: Melody

Cat. 9: Child development

42S

. Vanstone et al.
(291

-294)

Preservation of memory f

or

tunes and lyrics

Cat. 11: Deficit Cat. 14: Memory

To characterize acoustic short-

term memory (ASTM)

at the functional and neuronal level by the use of fMRI and MEG

Using PET imaging to determine the neural substrates that underlie musical semantic memory, using different tasks and stimuli To investigate the contribution of auditory imagery abilities to basic sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) processes in musicians

To compare molodic encoding in auditory cortex in infants and adults using El

ectroence

• 
  

phalography (EEG) 4 studies of elderly persons with distinctive patterns of memory for tunes and lyrics of songs, in contrast to neuro

• 
  

logic

impairments: deafness,

right-

hemisph

ere stroke, and

Alzheimer’s Dementia

Two sequences of tones separated by a silent retention interval. Varying memory load: 1,3, or 5 tones in sequence

. (SNI)

CR: Neutral 1)

Oboe timbre:

2,5 sec

monophonic melodies. 2) Flute timbre: 5 sec mono

• 
  

ph

onic sequences 3)

Flute

timbre: First part of familiar melodies

. CR:

Western

Target tones: 3 complex tones, base frequencies 261, 392, 523 Hz

. Probe tones:

Chosen randoml

y between

200 and 1200 Hz.

CR: Neutral

Tones synthesized in grand piano timbre. 4

-tone melodies

presented in 20 transpositions. 80% Standard melodies, 20% Deviant:

last

note raised by a semitone

CR: Western

Recorded music:

1) Familiarity Decision test for Tunes (FDT): 10 familiar melodies, 10 foils. 2) Familiar lyrics test (FLT) analog

ous

to

FDT. 3) Lyrics prompt test (LPT): Spoken lyrics from famil

iar tunes. CR: Western

Without regard to musical training or ability: 1) fMRI: 15 subjects. 2) MEG: 7 subjects. Same / different task

PET imaging during tasks:

1) Familiar or not?

N = 9

2) Familiar

or not?

N = 12

3)

N = 12

Decide whether the

second part of melody matched the first.

All tasks

followed by

reference task

s

20 musicians, varying degree of experience. Tasks: A) Adjust probe tone to match target, or compare probe and target pitch. S) Three beat

• 
  

tapping tasks

5 nonmusician adults. 17

infants, mean age 6,3 months watched silent movie or puppet show during recording of EEG

4 cases and 90 elderly healthy controls. After Mini-Me

ntal Status Examination

(MMSE), performance of tasks: 1 & 2) Indicate familiarity or not. 3) Sing tune after

listening to spoken lyrics

.

To identify brain areas that responded in an increasing fashion with increasing memory load

Semantic memory: the ability to identify familiar melodies.

Episodic memory: the ability to recognize a musical excerpt fo

r which

the context

of

its former encounter (when,

where, how) can be recalled

A) Auditory imagery acuity S) Sensorimotor synchro

• 
  

nization (SMS)

Mismatch negativity (MMN) response to pitch changes in infants and adults

Retained memory for tunes and l

yrics in spite of

impairments: profound deafness (age 90), right

• 
  

hemispere stroke (age 77), severe Alzheimer (age 85), moderate Alzheimer (age 83)

Both analyses revealed brain activations that varied with memory load in the vicinity of secondary auditory

cortex

,

Brodmann area

(BA

) 22

and

superior parietal cortex (BA 5/7)

Clinical and neuroimaging data suggest that the musical lexicon (and musical seman

tic

memory) is sustained by a temporo

-prefrontal network

involving right and left hemispheres

Auditory i

magery and SMS

abilities were positively correlated with one another and with musical experience.

SMS ability only partially mediated by musical ability Both infants and adults showed cortical response to a change in relative pitch. Diffe

• 
  

rences: Adults showed a right, frontally negative MMN, infants

exhibited a slow

positive vawe

Results suggest that memory for tunes and lyrics may be particularly resistant to the ravages of neurological disorder. Discussion of models of brain organization for musical me

mory