600 milesSWEDENSWEDENFINLANDFINLANDSIBERIAINDIACHINATbilisiOdessaMervBukharaBukharaJapanSea ofJapanArctic OceanBarents
SeaAral SeaBlack SeaBlackSe
aCaspian SeaCaspian SeaWhiteWhiteSeaSeaSea ofSea ofOkhotskOkhotsk HokaidoHokaidoKurilsKuril
sAmurAmurGobi DesertGobi DesertSamarkandSamarkandWarsawKiev KerchKerchRUSSIARUSSIAMoscowKazanNikopol
CrimeaNovocherkasskRUSSIARUSSIAMoscowKazanNikopol
CrimeaNovocherkassk
U
GMANCHURIAMANCHURIAARAZTAJIKISTANTAJIKISTANALTAIKASHMIRKASHMIRUZBEKISTANUZBEKISTANTURKMENISTANTURKMENISTANAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTANPOLANDPOLAND PERSIAPERSIABalti
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SeaRussia in 1584Acquisitions by 1689Acquisitions by 1689G - GeorgiaG - GeorgiaAR - ArmeniaAR - ArmeniaAZ - AzaerbaianAZ - AzaerbaianU - Ukraine” ”1725” ”1725” ”1796” ”1796” ”1855” ”1855” ”1914” ”1914001000 kmSWEDENFINLANDSIBERIAINDIACHINATbilisiOdessaMervBukharaJapanSea ofJapanArctic OceanBarents
SeaAral SeaBlack SeaCaspian SeaWhiteSeaSea ofOkhotskHokaidoKurilsAmurGobi DesertSamarkandWarsawKiev KerchRUSSIARUSSIAMoscowKazanSt PetersburgSt PetersburgNikopol
CrimeaNovocherkasskRUSSIAMoscowKazanSt PetersburgNikopol
CrimeaNovocherkassk
U
GMANCHURIAARAZTAJIKISTANALTAIKASHMIRUZBEKISTANTURKMENISTANAFGHANISTANPOLAND PERSIABalti
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SeaRussia in 1584Acquisitions by 1689G - GeorgiaAR - ArmeniaAZ - AzerbaijanU - Ukraine” ”1725” ”1796” ”1855” ”1914001000 kmMap 4The Russian Empire (based on Moore 1981: 70)412 Maps