Credits ■ C3p. 258 top left: Roland Birke/Getty Images; top
center: Rainer Fuhrmann/Shutterstock; top
right: Dr. Peter Siver/Visuals Unlimited; center
left: Robert and Jean Pollock/Science Source;
center: Chris Mattison/FLPA/Science Source;
bottom left: Dennis Flaherty/Science Source;
bottom right: Schmitz Olaf/Getty Images;
p. 259 top left: Andrew Syred/Science Source;
top center: Fletcher & Baylis/Science Source;
top right: Ingeborg Knol/imageBROKER/
Corbis; center left: Borut Furlan/Getty Images;
center: Stuart Wilson/Science Source; center
right: Andrew J. Martinez/Science Source;
bottom left: Andrew J. Martinez/Science
Source; bottom center: Marius Dobilas/
Shutterstock; bottom right: Martin Shields/
Alamy; p. 260 1st image in each row: Hans Kim/
Shutterstock; row 1 (left to right): Science
Source (Colorization by: Eric Cohen), BSIP/
Science Source, Georges Antoni/Hemis/Alamy,
Gary Meszaros/Science Source, Picture Part-
ners/Science Source; row 2 (left to right): Gary
Meszaros/Science Source, Irochka_T/iStock/
Getty Images Plus, Anthony Mercieca/Science
Source, James DeBoer/Shutterstock; row 3
(left to right): Valeriy Vladimirovich Kirsanov/
Shutterstock, FLPA/Alamy, James Hager/
Robert Harding/Alamy; row 4 (left to right):
P. Wegner/Arco Images/Alamy, Bernd
Rohrschneider/FLPA/Science Source; row 5
(left to right): Image Source/Alamy Stock Photo,
Eric Isselee/Shutterstock; row 6 Sabena Jane
Blackbird/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 261: The
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences,
Brussels; p. 262: upper left and right: The
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences,
Brussels; top: Emily Willoughby/Stocktrek
Images/Alamy; center top: Masato Hattori;
center: Natural History Museum, London;
center bottom: Masato Hattori; bottom: Walt
Anderson/Visuals Unlimited/GettyImages.
Chapter 15
Pages 268–69: Elke Van de Velde/Photodisc/
Getty Images Plus; p. 270: image courtesy
Allen Nutman, University of Wollongong.
A.P. Nutman et al. “Rapid Emergence of Life
Shown by Discovery of 3,700-Million-Year-Old
Microbial Structures,” Nature. Published online
August 31, 2016. doi: 10.1038/nature19355;
p. 271: photo by Amanda Ward/Dunn Lab;
p. 272 top left: Gillian Conquest, Extreme Citi-
zen Science (ExCiteS) research group, University
College London, top right: Photograph courtesy
of Gardenista; bottom: Jim Davis/The Boston
Globe via Getty Images; p. 273 all: Dunn Lab;
p. 274 top left: Eye of Science/Science Source;
center left: David McCarthy/Science Source;
bottom left: Michael Abbey/Science Source; top
right: Scimat/Science Source; bottom right: Eye
of Science/Science Source; p. 275 top left: David
Henderson/caia image/Alamy Stock Photo; top
left inset: Eye of Science/Science Source; top
right: Jose Arcos Aguilar/Shutterstock; top right
inset: image courtesy Luis R. Comolli. Comolli,
L. R., Baker, B., Downing, K.H., Siegerist, C. E.,
and Banfield, J. (2008). “Three-Dimensional
Analysis of the Structure and Ecology of a Novel,
Ultra-Small Archaeon.” ISME J, 3(2), 159–167;
bottom: IFE, URI-IAO, UW, Lost City Science
Party; NOAA/OAR/OER; The Lost City 2005
Expedition; bottom inset: MichaelTaylor3d/
Shutterstock; p. 277: Photo courtesy of Lauren
Nichols; p. 278 top left: Dr. Ron Dengler/
Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images; top right:
Dennis Kunkel Microscopy/Science Source;
bottom left: Eye of Science/Science Source;
bottom right: CDC/James Archer, Illustrators:
Alissa Eckert and Jennifer Oosthuizen; p. 279:
Universal History Archive/REX/Shutterstock;
p. 280 background: Michael Heim/EyeEm/
Getty Images; top right; top left and bottom:
Dennis Kunkel Microscopy/Science Source;
p. 281: photo by Lauren Nichols, Your Wild
Life/Dunn Lab.Chapter 16
Pages 284–85: JimmyWrangles/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; p. 286 left: photo courtesy of
Kumar Paudel; right: Jacob Phelps; p. 287 top:
Wim van Egmond/Science Photo Library via
Science Source; bottom: Plant-Success;
p. 290: Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images; p. 291
left: divedog/Shutterstock; right: Casther/
Shutterstock; p. 292: Lance Cheung/USDA;
p. 293: Carroll & Carroll/AgStock/Design Pics
Inc/Alamy Stock Photo, inset: Shawn Poynter/
The New York Times/Redux; p. 295 top left:
Stefano Rellandini/Reuters/Newscom; right:
Laszlo Podor/Moment Open/Getty images;
bottom left: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters/
Newscom; p. 296 left: Le Do/Shutterstock;
center: Suzifoo/iStock/Getty Images Plus; right:
Egor Rodynchenko/Shutterstock; bottom (left to
right): Amazing snapshot/Shutterstock, xpixel/
Shutterstock, kzww/Shutterstock, tarapong
srichaiyos/Shutterstock, Scott Sinklier/Alamy
Stock Photo, Vitaly Korovin/Shutterstock;
p. 297 top: Glass and Nature/Shutterstock;
bottom: Frank Kohn/USFWS.Chapter 17
Pages 300–301: (background) thomaslenne/
iStock/Getty Images Plus; (table) Piotr Adamo-
wicz/iStock/Getty Images Plus; (karyotype)
Leonard Lessin/Science Source/Getty Images;
(scientist) LattaPictures/iStock/Getty Images
Plus; (left skull) Leemage/Universal Images
Group/Getty Images; (right skull) Sabena Jane
Blackbird/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 302: Dr.
Mirjana Roksandic; p. 306: Edward Westma-
cott/Shutterstock; p. 307 left: Steve Bloom
Images/Alamy; center: John W Banagan/Getty
Images; right: Dave Watts/Nature Picture
Library/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 311: John
Reader/Science Source; p. 313: Frank Vinken;
p. 318 top: Sabena Jane Blackbird/Alamy Stock
Photo; bottom: Silvana Condemi; p. 319: Mark
Thiessen/National Geographic Creative.Chapter 18
Pages 322–23: (background) Franz Lanting/
Offset/Shutterstock; (smoke) Shutterstock;
(charcoal edges) Anan Kaewkhammul/
Shutterstock; (pre-burned edges) Sylwia
Brataniec/Shutterstock; p. 324 top and
bottom: Jennifer Balch; p. 325 left: NASA;
right: Fotos593/Shutterstock; p. 326 top:
Paul Lefebvre, Woods Hole Research Center;
bottom: Dr. Michael T. Coe; p. 327 top left:
David Greedy/Getty Images; top right: John
SommersII/Reuters/Newscom; center:
Greenpeace/Ges.oek.Forschung; bottom left:
James Steinberg/Science Source; bottom right:
AP Photo/Nick Ut; p. 330 top: Hervé Collart/
Sygma via Getty Images; bottom: Ricky Rogers/
Reuters/Newscom; p. 331: (leaves) ValentynVolkov/Shutterstock, (tree section 1) My Life
Graphic/Shutterstock, (tree section 2) anders-
photo/Shutterstock; p. 337: Andrew Orlemann/
Shutterstock.Chapter 19
Pages 340–41: Paul Starosta/Corbis Docu-
mentary/Getty Images; p. 343 top: Estefan
Radovicz/Agencia o Dia/AGENCIA ESTADO/
Xinhua/Alamy Live News; bottom: photo cour-
tesy of Dr. Matthew DeGennaro; p. 344: CDC;
p. 345: CDC/Cynthia Goldsmith; p. 346: 7th
Son Studio/Shutterstock; p. 349 left: Dyakova
Yulia/Shutterstock; right: Mark Newman/Tom
Stack & Associates; p. 350: Tom Brakefield/
Getty Images; p. 351 top: Alan G. Nelson/
Dembinsky Photo Associates; bottom: photo
courtesy of Dr. Margareth Capurro; p. 352:
Angel Valentin/The New York Times/Redux;
p. 353: (mosquito) Antagain/E+/Getty Images
Plus, (animal silhouettes) nikiteev_konstantin/
Shutterstock; p. 355: Graph: “Oxitec Approach
Suppresses Mosquitoes in Piracicaba, Brazil.”
Appeared in “No GM Mosquitoes Didn’t Start
the Zika Outbreak,” Discovermagazine.com,
January 31, 2016. Reprinted by permission of
Oxitec Ltd.Chapter 20
Pages 356–57: Holly Kuchera/Shutterstock;
p. 358 top: photo by Dr. William Ripple;
bottom: Pat & Chuck Blackley/Alamy; p. 359:
Dr. William Ripple; p. 361: Don Johnston_IH/
Alamy Stock Photo, inset: Kevin Ebi/Alamy
Stock Photo; p. 362: Ksanawo/Shutterstock;
p. 363 left: Martin Harvey/Corbis via Getty
Images; right: Luc Novovitch/Alamy Stock
Photo; p. 364: Daniel Stahler/NPS; p. 365 top:
Mark Conlin/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images;
bottom: David Fleetham/Visuals Unlimited/
Getty Images; p. 366: (wolves) rachisan
alexandra/Shutterstock, (deer) KatarinaF/
Shutterstock, (trees) Vertyr/Shutterstock;
p. 367: PhotoStock-Israel/Alamy; p. 368 top:
Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited; center left:
Nancy Nehring/Getty Images; center right:
CHAINFOTO24/Shutterstock; bottom: Gerry
Bishop/Visuals Unlimited; p. 369: Norbert
Rosing/National Geographic Creative; p. 371:
Anne-Marie Kalus; p. 372: Adam Burton/
Alamy; p. 373 left: Stan Osolinski/Dembinsky
Photo Associates; center: Howard Garrett/
Dembinsky Photo Associates; right: Walt
Anderson/Visuals Unlimited.Chapter 21
Pages 376–77: (water) TFoxFoto/Shutterstock;
SECCHI Disk; p. 378: Gary Corbett/Alamy;
p. 379 top: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid
Response Team, NASA/GSFC, inset: D.P.
Wilson/FLPA/Science Source; bottom left:
Tania Wong; bottom right: Dr. Boris Worm;
p. 382: NASA image by Jesse Allen & Robert
Simmon; p. 383: Chris Linder/Visuals Unlim-
ited; p. 384 top left: Bernd Zoller/imagebroker/
Alamy; top right: John E Marriott/Alamy;
center: Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; bottom
left: Pixtal Images/Media Bakery; bottom right:
Design Pics Inc/Photolibrary/Getty Images;
p. 385 top left: Michael P. Gadomski/Earth
Sciences/Animals Animals; top right: Mark De
Fraeye/SPL/Science Source; center: Willard
Clay/Dembinsky Photo Associates; bottom left: