Index ■ I1Index
Page numbers set in italic type refer to materials in figures or tables.
A
Abert’s squirrel, 236
abiotic factors, 325, 336–37, 378, 380–82
absorptive heterotrophs, 294, 295
achondroplasia, 146–47
acid–base chemistry, 49, 51
Acidithiobacillus, 278
acids, defined, 49
active sites, 87
active transport, 64
adaptation. See also evolution; speciation
characteristics of, 234
defined, 195, 232–33
Indohyus adaptation to aquatic life, 198–99,
200
sea fans (Eunicea flexuosa), 238, 239–40
whales, adaptation to aquatic life, 192, 193,
198–99
adaptive radiation, 265
adaptive traits
natural selection, 199–200, 215
overview, 199–200, 232
Podarcis sicula lizards, 232, 233–34
sea fans, 238
ADA-SCID (bubble boy disease), 150
Addison’s disease, 118, 124
adenine (A), 61, 157, 158 , 178
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 84
adult-onset lactose intolerance, 145
Aedes aegypti, 342 , 343, 348, 350–51
Aedes albopictus, 343
aerobic organisms (aerobes), 277
aerobic processes, 90
African hare, 367
African seed crackers, 216, 218, 219
Agrobacterium (“agrobacteria”), 176, 177 , 181, 184
alcoholic fermentation, 91
Aldrich, Robert Anderson, 137, 139, 142
alfalfa, 175
algae
coevolution with corals, 239
comparison to terrestrial plants, 291
photosynthesis, 85, 239, 291, 336
symbiosis with sea fans, 239, 240
alleles
allele frequencies, 214, 224
black-fur allele (B), 120
brown-fur allele (b), 120
codominance and codominant traits, 126
defined, 118, 214
dominant alleles, 119–20, 146
genetic diversity and, 119
incomplete dominance, 126
recessive alleles, 120, 142, 145–46
allopatric speciation, 236, 237 , 238, 243
“Almahata Sitta” meteorites, 48
Amazon rainforest
carbon sink and carbon source, 337
conversion to grasslands (savannas), 324, 329,
332, 334
deforestation, 324, 331 , 335
effect of droughts, 324, 326, 330, 332
effect of population and agriculture, 324, 331
effects of global warming, 324, 328–29
experimental burning of plots, 324, 325–26,
330, 332, 335–36, 337–38
hydrologic cycle, 332–35
overview, 324
projection of rainforest in 2030, 334
rainforest ecology, 325
trees, ecological role, 328–29, 335
wildfires in, 324, 326, 329, 330, 335, 337, 338
Ambulocetus, 196, 197
amino acids
defined, 41
genetic code, 181, 182
left- and right-handed forms, 48
in meteorite fragments, 48
Miller experiments, 41, 44, 45, 47–48, 49
in proteins, 42, 48, 51
protein synthesis, 174 , 180 , 181, 183
amniocentesis, 148
Amoeba proteus, 73
amoebas, 73 , 287, 288
amphibians, 244 , 252 , 257, 305
anabolism, 83, 90. See also photosynthesis
anaerobic organisms (anaerobes), 84–85, 90, 91 ,
277
anaerobic processes, 90
analogous traits, 218
analytical methods, 8–9, 10
anaphase I in meiosis, 107 , 109 , 110
anaphase II in meiosis, 107
anaphase in mitosis, 102, 103
anchorage dependence, 101
angiogenesis, 101
angiosperms. See flowering plants
animals (Animalia)
body plans and symmetry, 304–6
evolutionary tree, 303
as ingestive heterotrophs, 259 , 303
kingdom Animalia, 256 , 257, 259 , 260 , 303–6
segmentation, 306
annelids (segmented worms), 244 , 303
Anopheles, 343, 351
antibacterial drugs approved by FDA, 227
antibiotic resistance. See also VRSA (vancomycin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus)and antibacterial drugs approved by FDA, 227
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), 212, 213 , 215, 216, 221–22, 226
natural selection and, 212, 213 , 215–18, 223,
226
penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,
212, 213
prevention, 226
timeline, 227
antibodies, 22 , 51, 52 , 186
anticodons, 180 , 181
Aphytis chrysomphali wasp, 370
Aphytis lingnanensis wasp, 370
Appalachian Outlaws (TV show), 294
applied research, 26
aquatic biomes, 362, 385 , 386
Arabidopsis, 60
arachnids, number of known species, 244
archaea (Archaea)
cell structure and shape, 273, 274
domain Archaea, 251 , 252, 256 , 270–71
in extreme environments, 275
on home surfaces, 275–76
split from domain Eukarya, 271
Archaeopteryx, 250, 254–56, 261, 262
Ardipithecus ramidus, 311
artificial life. See synthetic biology
artificial selection, 193–94, 195, 206
ascomycetes (sac fungi), 294
asexual reproduction. See also mitosis; mitotic
division
bacteria, 221
binary fission in prokaryotes, 100, 277
clones, 100, 108
defined, 100
eukaryotes, 101
fungi, 297
mitosis, 100, 101, 103
plants, 289
prokaryotes, 100
protists, 289
aspen trees. See also Yellowstone National Park
ecology
consumption by elk, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366 ,
367
decline in Yellowstone, 358, 362–63
ecological community, 359
relationship with wolves, 358–59, 362, 364,
366
restoration in Yellowstone, 367–68
wolf-elk-aspen food chain, 362, 364, 366
asteroids, 48, 265, 270
atomic mass number, 40, 41
atomic number, 40, 41