Index ■ I3C
cacti, 218, 220 , 297
calcium
amount in the body, 54
amount in Earth’s crust, 54
in bone, 305
in eggshells, 305
calcium carbonate, 51, 239
Calvin cycle, 85, 86
Cambrian explosion, 257, 261
Cambrian period, 252 , 257, 261 , 263
camouflage, 192, 368 , 369
Canadian lynx, 350, 351
cancer
anchorage independence, 101
bladder cancer genetics, 124
incidence and deaths, 101, 112
kidney cancer gene, 131
leukemia, 112 , 136, 149–50
lymphomas, 112 , 136, 142, 144
malignant cells, 101
metastasis, 101
types of, 101, 112
uncontrolled cell division, 101, 103, 112
Caplan, Arthur, 62, 352
capsule, 273
Capurro, Margareth, 350–51
carbohydrates, overview, 51, 53
carbon
atomic structure, 40, 41 , 52
bonding in organic molecules, 50 , 51, 336
carbon-14, 40
in human body, 54
in living cells, 336
carbon cycle, 336–37
carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
and Calvin cycle, 85
from cellular respiration, 82 , 88, 89
concentration in atmosphere, 328, 330 , 336
in Earth’s early atmosphere, 49
fossil fuel burning, 80, 328, 337
global warming, 81, 327, 328, 329 , 383
greenhouse gas, 327, 328
and photosynthesis, 81, 82 , 83, 85, 86 , 336
carbon fixation, 85
carbon sinks, 337
carbon sources, 337
Carboniferous period, 252 , 263
Caribbean monk seal, 265
carnivores, 254, 365, 367 , 372
carriers of recessive genetic disorders, 142,
145–46, 148
carrot cells, biopharming, 186
carrying capacity, 346–47, 349
cartilage, 305
cartilaginous fishes, 305
Cas 9 (CRISPR associated protein 9), 160, 167 ,
168
case-control studies, 30
catabolism, 83, 88, 90. See also cellular
respiration
causation vs. correlation, 28, 389
cell culture flasks, 98, 101
cell cycle, 99–101, 103–4, 105 , 112. See also cell
division; interphase
cell cycle checkpoints, 99 , 100, 101, 103–4, 105
cell cycle regulatory proteins, 103–4, 105
cell division. See also meiosis; mitotic division
binary fission in prokaryotes, 100, 277
cancer and uncontrolled cell division, 101, 103
in eukaryotes, 99, 100–103
overview, 99 , 100
regulation of, 103–4
cell theory, 61
cell walls
archaea, 273
bacteria, 69 , 72, 273
fungi, 71 , 72, 259 , 294
peptidoglycan in, 51, 53
plant cells, 71 , 72
cells
animal cells, 69
defined, 6, 14 , 60
eukaryotic cells, 68–72
number in human body, 60
plant cells, 69
prokaryotic cells, 68, 69
sizes of cells, 73
cellular respiration
ATP production, 72, 88, 89
defined, 81
fermentation, 90, 91
glycolysis, 88, 89 , 90, 91
Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, 88, 89 , 90
mitochondria, 72, 88
oxidative phosphorylation, 88, 89 , 90
reciprocal of photosynthesis, 81, 88
cellulose, 51, 53 , 292
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)
antibiotic resistance prevention, 226
on autism rates, 27–28
flu vaccine creation, 24
on vaccines and vaccinations, 22, 31, 32 , 34
VRSA, 214
Zika virus and, 342, 344 , 352
centromere, 102, 104
chanterelles, 287
chaparral biome, 384
Charpentier, Emmanuelle, 159–60
cheetah, 367
chemical compounds, defined, 40
chemical reactions, defined, 41
chemoautotrophs, 278
chemoheterotrophs, 278
chickens, DNA sequence similarity to humans,
202, 203
chickens, genome size, 130
Chihuahuas, 117 , 120, 124, 126 , 193
chikungunya, 342 , 343, 346
chimpanzees, DNA sequence similarity to
humans, 202, 203 , 309
chitin, 51, 53
chlorophyll
in chloroplasts, 71 , 85
concentration measurement, 382–83, 386–87,
389
and ocean temperature, 389
photosynthesis, 85, 379–80
satellite color measurements of, 382, 383, 389
chloroplasts
chlorophyll, 71 , 85
photosynthesis, 72, 85, 86
structure, 69 , 71 , 85
thylakoids, 85, 86
cholesterol structure, 53
chordates (Chordata)
backbones and, 303–4, 305
evolutionary tree, 304
phylum, 260 , 303
vertebrates, defined, 304
chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 148chromatids. See also chromosomes
after chromosome replication, 104
crossing-over, 108, 109
separation in meiosis II, 106, 107 , 109 , 110
sister chromatids, 102, 104 , 106, 107 , 109 , 110
chromatin fiber, 104 , 160, 161
chromosomal abnormalities. See also genetic
disorders
and bisphenol A (BPA), 105, 106, 111
changes in chromosome number, 98, 139,
140
changes in chromosome structure, 139, 140
cri du chat syndrome, 139, 140
defined, 139, 165
deletions, 139, 140
Down syndrome, 98, 139, 140 , 143 , 148
duplication, 140
hormones and, 98
inversion, 140
monosomy, 140
mouse oocytes and eggs, 98–99, 104–5
translocation, 140 , 144
trisomy, 140
Turner syndrome, 139, 140
unequal cell division, 104–5
chromosome number in humans, 98, 119 , 138
chromosome theory of inheritance, 123–24, 136
chromosomes. See also chromatids; sex
chromosomes
autosomes, 138, 144 , 145
chromatin fiber, 104 , 160, 161
circular loop in prokaryotes, 100, 271
compact DNA in, 102, 160, 161
crossing-over, 108, 109
defined, 98, 118
diploid chromosome set, 105–6, 107 , 240
genetic recombination, 108, 109
haploid chromosome set, 105–6, 107 , 109 ,
240
histone proteins, 160, 161
homologous pairs, 106–8, 109 , 110 , 119 , 122,
124
human karyotype, 52 , 138
independent assortment, 108, 110 , 123
loci of genes, 140, 141 , 144
nucleosomes, 160, 161
number in human cells, 98, 119 , 138
polyploidy, 240
replication, 100, 102, 103, 104
structure in eukaryotes, 101, 102, 104 , 160,
161
tetraploid organisms, 240
triploid organisms, 240
chronic diseases as complex traits, 127
Church, George, 62, 156, 160, 164, 166
cichlid fishes, 241
cilia, 288
CITES (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora), 293, 294, 297
citizen science
armpit swabs, 281
belly button swabs, 270, 271, 273–76, 277–78,
280 , 281
contribution to science, 271, 272
citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), 88, 89 , 90
clades, defined, 254
class (Linnaean hierarchy), 257, 260
Cleaves, Henderson (Jim), 40, 43, 47, 49, 55
Cleveland Clinic (Ohio), 22
climate, defined, 326