I4 fiffIndex
climate change. See also global warming
consequences of, 326, 327
defined, 326
human actions as cause, 326
increased droughts in Amazon rainforest, 326
and mass extinctions, 263, 264
relationship to global warming, 324, 326
climax communities, 372, 373
clones, 100, 103, 108
Clostridia, 277
Clostridiales, 273
clownfish, 364, 365
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats. See CRISPR
cnidarians, 259 , 303 , 305
cocker spaniel, 126
codominance and codominant traits, 126
codons, 180 , 181, 182 , 183
Coe, Michael, 326, 328, 332, 335, 338
coevolution, 239–40
cohort studies, 30
colistin, 226
Collins, James, 61, 72
color blindness, 145
commensalism, 364, 365 , 369
common ancestor, defined, 200
common descent, defined, 200
competition, 369–71
competitive exclusion principle, 371
complementary base-pairing, 157, 158 , 164, 167
complex traits, 126, 127, 129
Condemi, Silvana, 302, 311–12, 318–19
condensation, 47, 334
condoms, 344
conjugation, 221 , 277
conjugation tubes, 221
consumers
Animalia, 259
animal-like protists, 258
cellular respiration, 82
defined, 362
in food chains, 362
predators as, 365
primary consumers, 362, 380
quaternary consumers, 362
secondary consumers, 362, 380
tertiary consumers, 362, 380
continental drift or plate tectonics, 203–4
Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey,
386–87
control groups, 11, 98
controlled experiments, 10–11
convection cells in Earth’s atmosphere, 333, 335
convergent evolution, 218, 220
Cooper, Lisa, 198–99, 202, 207
coral. See also sea fans
coevolution with algae, 239
ecological isolation, 238–39
genetic variation with depth, 239
habitat changes with depth, 239–40
long generation time, 242
morphology changes with depth, 237–38, 239
symbiotic algae, 239, 240
correlation
causation and, 28, 389
defined, 28
observational studies and, 9
Corynebacterium, 280
cottonwoods, 358, 363, 364, 365, 367, 371
covalent bonds, 40, 44, 50
cowpox virus, 22
coyotes, 360, 362 , 365
crayfish, 224
credentials, 25–26, 30
Cretaceous period, 253 , 263
cri du chat syndrome, 139, 140
CRISPR (CRISPR-Cas9)
in bacterial defense system, 159, 168
Cas 9 protein, 160, 167 , 168
easier DNA editing, 156, 160, 168
guide RNA, 160, 166, 167 , 168
history of, 168
human organ growth in pigs, 166, 167
pig DNA editing, 156 , 158–59, 160 , 164, 166
porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs),
158–59, 160
RNA pairing with DNA strands, 157
crops, domestication, 193, 296
crossing-over, 108, 109
crustaceans, number of known species, 244
Cryan, Paul, 5, 8
Culex pipiens, 349
cyanobacteria, 278, 287
cycads, 291, 292
cyclical fluctuations of population, 350, 351
cystic fibrosis (CF), 137 , 143 , 144 , 145–46
cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene
(CFTR), 145, 146
cytokinesis
meiosis, 106, 107 , 109 , 110
mitotic division, 99 , 103
cytoplasm, 52 , 69 , 88–90
cytosine (C), 61, 157, 158 , 178
cytoskeletons, 69 , 71 , 72D
Darwin, Charles, 214, 215, 250
data, 8
DDT, 350
decomposers
in carbon cycle, 336
fungi, 259 , 295, 365
nutrient cycling in ecosystems, 259 , 279,
381–82, 389
protists, 258 , 279, 288
deforestation, 324, 331 , 335
DeGennaro, Matthew, 343, 345, 352
deinonychosaurs, 254 , 255 , 256
DeLeo, Frank, 226
dengue virus, 342 , 343, 345, 351–52, 353
density-dependent population changes, 348–49,
350
density-independent population changes, 349–50
deoxyribose, 157, 158
dependent variables, 10
descriptive methods, 8, 10
desert biome, 335 , 383, 385 , 386, 388
detritivores, 365
Devaraj, Neal, 62–64, 66, 68, 72
Devonian period, 252 , 257, 263
diabetes, 213 , 219
diatoms, 258 , 288 , 389
diffusion, 64 , 65
dihybrid crosses, 123
dinosaurs
appearance in Triassic, 253
Archaeopteryx, 250, 254–56, 261, 262
deinonychosaurs, 254 , 255 , 256
dinosaur-bird evolutionary tree, 253–56, 261,
262
Eosinopteryx brevipenna, 254 , 261, 262feathered dinosaurs, 250, 253–54, 256, 261,
262
Protoceratops, 196
raptors, 196 , 256, 261
theropods, 253–54, 255 , 256
Tyrannosaurus rex, 254
Xiaotingia zhengi, 254 , 255–56, 262
diphtheria, 22, 23
diploid cells and diploid chromosome set, 105–6,
107 , 240
directional selection, 216, 217
disaccharides, structure, 53
disease, defined, 127
disruptive selection, 216, 218, 219
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). See also genetic
code; viral DNA
about, 156
base-pairing rules, 157–58
cell cycle and, 99 , 100
as characteristic of life, 6, 51, 60, 201
compact DNA in chromosomes, 102, 160, 161
complementary base-pairing, 157, 158 , 164,
167
crossing-over, 109
double helix, 60, 157, 158 , 161
in eukaryotic chromosomes, 101
evolution and DNA sequences, 201–2, 203
exons, 178, 179
introns, 178, 179
mitochondrial DNA, 312–13, 314 , 319
nuclear and mitochondrial DNA inheritance,
312, 313 , 314
nucleotide sequence and phenotypes, 158, 159
origins of replication, 162, 163
plasmids, 221
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 163–64
primers, 162, 163–64
promoters, 177–78, 179
repair, 61, 160 , 164
replication, 100, 102, 162–64
replication errors, 165–66
semiconservative replication, 162
structure, 51, 52 , 60, 157–58
synthetic DNA, 60
template strands, 157, 162–63, 164 , 178–79
terminator sequence, 178, 179
transcription, 174 , 176–79
DNA polymerase, 162, 163 , 164–65
DNA repair proteins, 164 , 165
DNA replication, 100, 102
DNA sequence similarities, 202, 203 , 235
DNA sequencing machines, 164
Doberman pinschers, 125
dogs and genetics. See also Portuguese water dogs
body shape gene, 126
body size gene (IGF 1 ), 126
border collies, 129, 131
boxers, 124, 125
Chihuahuas, 117 , 120, 124, 126 , 193
coat color gene, 120, 127–28
cocker spaniel, 126
Doberman pinschers, 125
dog genome, 124, 125 , 130
expression gene for melanin deposition, 128
genetic diseases, 124, 125
genetic diversity, 119, 124, 193, 194
golden retrievers, 125
Great Danes, 117 , 120, 124, 126 , 193, 194
gum color gene, 126
Labrador retrievers, 124 , 127, 128
pedigree analysis, 119, 126