Index ■ I5Pekingese, 119
Pembroke Welsh corgis, 125
percentages of genes shared with humans,
309
poodles, 120 , 125
relationship to gray wolf, 193, 194
Saint Bernard, 119
Scottish terriers, 125
selective breeding, 193
species, 119, 193
dolphins, 192, 193 , 195, 205, 207 , 218, 220
domains, 251–52
dominant alleles, 119–20, 146
Dorudon, 196, 197
double helix, 60, 157, 158
Doudna, Jennifer, 159–60
down-regulation, 183
Down syndrome, 98, 139, 140 , 143 , 148
DprA gene, 223
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 143 , 145
Dunn, Rob, 270, 271, 273–76, 275, 277–78, 280,
281
Dworkin, Jason, 44
dysbiosis, 281
E
eagles, 350 , 367
Earth equivalents, 332, 333
Earth’s age, 250
Earth’s atmosphere, gasses in, 54
Earth’s early atmosphere, 40–43, 49, 252, 278
Earth’s human population, 347
Eaton, Anna, 22–23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 35
Eaton, Caroline, 25, 31, 35
Ebola virus, 66, 186
echidna, 307
ecological communities. See also biological
communities; food chains; food webs;
species interactions; succession
climax communities, 372, 373
in ecosystems, 378
energy movement through, 362
overview, 359–60, 378
relative species abundance, 359, 360
species richness, 359, 360
succession in, 371–72, 373 , 382
ecological footprint, 332
ecological isolation, 238–39, 242
ecological niche, 369
ecology, defined, 325
ecosystem processes
carbon cycle, 336–37
defined, 382
energy flow, 362, 363 , 380, 382
nutrient cycling, 259 , 279, 380–82, 389
succession, 371–72, 373 , 382
water cycle (hydrologic cycle), 47, 332–35
ecosystems
abiotic factors, 325, 336–37, 378, 380–82
biotic factors, 325, 336–37, 378–79, 380, 381 ,
382
defined, 14 , 378
ecological communities in, 378
energy capture, 380, 383, 386
energy flow, 362, 363 , 380, 382
net primary productivity (NPP), 386, 387 ,
388
nutrient cycling, 259 , 279, 380–82, 389
egg (ovum)
chromosomes and genetics, 122, 146 , 147
combination with sperm to form zygote,
105–6, 313
from meiosis, 101, 106
mitochondrial DNA from, 313
production in ovaries, 106
size, 73
Einstein, Albert, 11
electron-eating life, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92
electron microscopes, 73
electrons
atomic structure and, 40, 41 , 44
cell membrane resistance to transfer, 81, 83,
93
in covalent bonds, 40, 44
electron-eating organisms, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92
properties, 40
“rock breathers” and, 82–83, 90
transfer in metabolism, 81–82
electron transport chain, 85, 86 , 89 , 90
elements, defined, 40
elements in the world around us, 54
elk. See also Yellowstone National Park ecology
competition with bears, 370–71
competition with beavers, 369, 370
consumption of aspen trees, 362, 363, 364,
365, 366
consumption of cottonwoods, 363, 365
ecological communities and, 359
fear behavior, 368
increased abundance in Yellowstone, 360
as primary consumers, 362, 365
wolf-elk-aspen food chain, 362, 364, 366
El-Naggar, Mohamed, 93
embryos
embryonic development and evolution, 205,
207
plant embryos, 289
Endangered Species Act, 363
endocytosis, 67–68
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 69 , 70 , 72
energy as characteristic of life, 6
energy capture, 380, 383, 386
energy carriers, defined, 83
energy consumption, 92
energy flow in ecosystems, 362, 363 , 380, 382
energy pyramids. See also decomposers; food
chains
defined, 380
energy flow, 380, 382
metabolic heat and energy loss, 380
nutrient cycling, 380–82
trophic levels, 380, 383
Enterococcus, 218–22, 223, 226
enzymes
active sites, 87
defined, 85
endoplasmic reticulum, 72
human enzymes from carrot cells, 186
induced fit, 87
lysosomes, 72
in metabolic pathways, 87
overview, 85, 87
substrates, 85, 87
Eosinopteryx brevipenna, 254 , 261, 262
epistasis, 127–28
Escherichia coli
artificial selection, 206
chemoheterotrophic metabolism, 278
DNA repair, 61
evolution, 206
genome size, 130 , 158mutation, 206
rho gene, 206
size, 73
estrogen mimics, 101, 105, 111
estrogens, 98, 101, 105
estuaries, 385 , 386
Eukarya
Animalia, 256 , 257, 259 , 260
domain, 251 , 252, 256 , 270–71
evolutionary history, 252, 257, 260
Fungi, 256 , 257, 259
kingdoms, 256–57, 258–59
Plantae (plants), 256 , 257, 258 , 259
Protista (protists), 256 , 257, 258 , 259
split from domain Archaea, 271
eukaryotes
cell division, 99, 100–103
cell structure, 68–72, 286–87
chromosome structure, 101, 104
comparison to prokaryotes, 68, 69 , 271
evolutionary history, 252, 257, 260
mitotic division, 101–3
multicellularity, benefits of, 289
euphorbias, 218
eutherians, 307
evaluating scientific claims. See scientific claims,
evaluating
evaporation, 47, 334
evolution. See also adaptation; human evolution
allele frequencies, 214
analogous traits, 218
artificial selection, 193–94, 195, 206
beak size of birds, 194–95, 216, 218, 219
biogeographic evidence, 204–5
as characteristic of life, 6
coevolution, 239–40
convergent evolution, 218, 220
defined, 192–93, 212
directional selection, 216, 217
disruptive selection, 216, 218, 219
and diversity of life, 192
DNA sequence similarities, 201–2, 203
evidence for, overview, 193, 194, 207
founder effect, 225
gene flow, 221–22, 223, 236, 237
genetic bottlenecks, 224–25
genetic drift, 224–25, 236
homologous traits, 200–201
mechanisms of, overview, 215
and mutation, 219, 221, 222, 223, 236
natural selection, overview, 194–95, 215–16
natural selection and antibiotic resistance,
212, 213 , 215–18, 223
selective breeding, 129, 193
sexual selection, 223
shared characteristics among organisms,
200–201
similarities in embryonic development, 205,
207
stabilizing selection, 216, 218
theories of Darwin and Wallace, 214, 215, 250
vestigial traits, 201, 202
VRSA (vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus), 213–15, 218–19
evolutionary trees
animals, 303
chordates, 304
clades, 254, 255, 256
defined, 254
dinosaur-bird evolutionary tree, 253–56,
261, 262