I6 fiffIndex
evolutionary trees (Continued)
fungi, 294
lineage, or line of descent, 253
most recent common ancestor, 255
nodes on, 254–55
plants, 290
primates, 308
shared derived traits, 255
tree of life, 251, 256 , 258–59, 273
whales, 197
exocytosis, 67
exons, 178, 179
experimental design, 10–11
experiments, defined, 9
exploitative competition, 370–71
exponential growth, 346–47
extinction
as failure to adapt, 234
mass extinctions, 252–53, 263–65
number of extinct species since 1500, 264
extracellular matrix, 259
F
F 1 generation, 121 , 122, 123
F 2 generation, 121 , 122, 123
facilitated diffusion, 64 , 66
facts, scientific, 12, 13
FADH 2 , 84
Falkowski, Paul, 386
falsifiable or refutable hypotheses, 8
family (Linnaean hierarchy), 257, 260
fatty acids, structure, 53
fear behavior, 129, 368
feathered dinosaurs, 250, 253–54, 256, 261, 262
Felix (child with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome),
136, 142, 145, 148–49, 150, 165
fermentation, 90, 277
Fermi, Enrico, 42–43
ferns, 196 , 258 , 292
fertilization, 105, 106 , 108, 124
Fierer, Noah, 274, 275
fire
after droughts in Amazon rainforest, 326, 330
and climate change, 324, 326
experimental burning in Amazon rainforest,
324, 325–26, 330, 332, 335–36, 337–38
wildfires in Amazon rainforest, 324, 326, 329,
330, 335, 337, 338
first law of thermodynamics, 81
fish
bony fishes, 305
cartilaginous fishes, 305
cichlid fishes, 241
jawless fishes, 305
lungfish, 130 , 204
number of known species, 244 , 305
FiveFingers running shoes, 24
flagella (singular “flagellum”), 69 , 274, 288
flatworms, 96, 244 , 303
Florida panthers, 225
flowering plants (angiosperms)
characteristics, 258 , 292–93
flowers, 292
ovaries, 293
ovules, 293
pollen, 240
pollinators, 221, 240 , 292 , 360
roots, 291
root systems, 275, 287, 295
stomata (singular “stoma”), 291
flowers, structure and function, 292
flu pandemics, 24, 175, 176, 185
flu vaccine
production from tobacco, 174–76, 177 , 179–81,
184, 186
production in eggs, 174–75, 176
recommendations, 22, 24
risks to unvaccinated children, 35
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 108, 111,
176, 186, 227, 352
food chains. See also consumers; ecological
communities; energy pyramids; producers
energy flow, 362, 363 , 379, 380, 382
in food webs, 362
and mass extinctions, 265
overfishing effects on, 378
overview, 362
trophic levels, 380, 383
wolf-elk-aspen food chain, 362, 364, 366
food plants. See crops
food webs, 258 , 290 , 291, 362, 363
fossil fuels
carbon dioxide released by burning, 80–81,
328, 337
creation by geologic processes, 80
as energy source, 80, 92
and global warming, 80–81, 328
world consumption, 92
fossils
Archaeopteryx, 250
defined, 195
evidence of evolution, 196, 198, 207
Indohyus, 192, 196, 198 , 199 , 207
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis), 302,
311, 318–19
order and age determination, 196
petrified wood, 196
seed fern, 196
termite in amber, 196
transitional fossils, 196
trilobite, 196
Velociraptor and Protoceratops, 196
whales, 192, 195–200
founder effect, 225
fragile X syndrome, 143
freshwater biome, 384 , 388
Frieden, Tom, 342
Friendly GM mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti),
350–51
frogs
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 13
tree frogs, 235
túngara frogs, 223
fruiting bodies, 294, 295, 297
fruit wall, 293
fungi (Fungi)
absorptive heterotrophs, 294, 295
ascomycetes (sac fungi), 294
asexual reproduction, 297
basidiomycetes (club fungi), 294
chanterelles, 287
decomposers, 259 , 295, 365
evolutionary tree, 294
fruiting bodies, 294, 295, 297
Geomyces destructans, 7, 9, 11, 13
hyphae, 295
kingdom Fungi, 256 , 257, 259
morels, 287
mutualistic relationships, 287, 295, 297
mycelium (plural “mycelia”), 287, 295, 297
mycorrhizal fungi, 287, 295, 297number of known species, 244
parasitic and pathogenic fungi, 297
sexual reproduction, 297
spores, 297
truffles, 287, 294–95
yeasts, 60 , 61, 67 , 91, 295
zygomycetes (molds), 294G
G 0 phase of interphase, 99 , 100
G 1 phase of interphase, 99, 103–4, 105
G 2 phase of interphase, 99 , 100, 104, 105
gametes
fertilization, 105, 106 , 108, 124
haploid chromosome count, 105–6, 109 ,
235
independent assortment of genes, 108, 110 ,
123
from meiosis, 101, 105–6, 109 , 110 , 123–24
sex chromosomes, 139
gametic isolation as reproductive barrier, 240,
242 , 243
Gaucher disease, 144 , 186
gene expression. See also gene regulation;
transcription; translation
body temperature and, 128, 129
down-regulation, 183
gene regulation, 183–84
overview, 174, 176
transcription, 174, 176–79
translation, 174 , 179–83
up-regulation, 183
gene flow, 221–22, 223, 236, 237
gene regulation, 183–84. See also gene expression
gene therapy, 137, 147–50, 176
Generating Antibiotics Incentives Now Act
(GAIN Act), 227
genes
defined, 6, 60, 118, 214
italic style for gene names, 142
locus on chromosome, 140, 141 , 144
genetic bottlenecks, 224–25
genetic carriers, 142, 145–46, 148
genetic code. See also DNA
amino acids specified, 181, 182
anticodons, 180 , 181
as characteristic of life, 6, 60, 181, 201
codons, 180 , 181, 182 , 183
in organisms, 6, 181
redundancy, 181
start codon, 180 , 181, 182
stop codons, 180 , 181, 182
genetic crosses, 120–23, 124
genetic disorders. See also chromosomal
abnormalities
achondroplasia, 146–47
autosomal dominant disorders, 146–47
autosomal recessive disorders, 144 , 145–46
cri du chat syndrome, 139
cystic fibrosis, 137 , 143 , 144 , 145–46
defined, 127, 136
in dogs, 124, 125
dominant genetic disorders, 146–47, 148
Down syndrome, 98, 139, 140 , 143 , 148
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 143 , 145
fragile X syndrome, 143
genetic carriers, 142, 145–46, 148
genetic diseases affecting Americans, 143
hemophilia, 143 , 145, 150
human pedigree analysis, 137, 138