I12 fiffIndex
“rock breathers” (microorganisms), 82–83, 90, 93
“rock eaters” (microorganisms), 83, 84, 87–88,
90, 93
Rodhocetus, 197
root systems, 275, 287, 295
roots, 291
rosewoods, 297
RotaTeq vaccine against rotavirus, 26
rotavirus, 22, 23 , 26, 186
Roth, James, 175, 186
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER), 69 , 72
Rowe, Annie, 80, 81, 82, 88, 90, 93
rubisco, 85, 86
S
S phase of interphase, 99–100, 102, 104
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 311
Saint Bernard, 119
Salmonella, 60
San Diego Botanic Garden, 290
Sandford, Scott, 48, 49, 51, 55
scavengers, 365
science
defined, 4
and pseudoscience, 28, 29 , 30 , 31, 35
things science cannot address, 4
scientific claims, evaluating
in advertising, 9 , 24
assessment of bias, 12, 25–26, 30 , 31
checking credentials, 25–26, 30
overview, 23–25, 30
primary literature, 26, 27
pseudoscience vs. real science, 28, 29 , 30 , 31,
35
secondary literature, 26, 27
scientific literacy, 24–25, 31, 35
scientific literature, primary, 26, 27
scientific literature, secondary, 26, 27
scientific method
accept, reject, or modify hypothesis, 5
analysis of results, 5 , 8–9
communication and peer review, 4, 5 , 12,
30–31, 386–87, 389
experiments, 5 , 9–11
facts, scientific, 12, 13
falsifiable or refutable hypotheses, 8
hypothesis formation, 5, 7–8
hypothesis testing, 5 , 9–12
“if... then” statements, 8
logical process, 4, 5 , 11–12
observation, 5, 7, 8
predictions, 5 , 8
repeatable observations, 7, 9, 12
theories, 13
scientific names, 257
Scottish terriers, 125
scurvy, 127
sea anemones, 305 , 364, 365
sea fans (Eunicea flexuosa)
adaptation and speciation, 238, 239–40, 242
coevolution with algae, 239
ecological isolation, 238–39
genetic variation with depth, 239
habitat changes with depth, 239–40, 242
long generation time, 242
morphology changes with depth, 237–38, 239
symbiotic algae, 239, 240
sympatric speciation, 240
sea squirts, 304
sea stars, 259 , 360, 361
sea urchins, 242, 243
Secchi, Angelo, 383
Secchi disks, 383, 386
secondary consumers, 362, 380
secondary literature, 26, 27
secondary succession, 372, 373
seed fern, 196
segmentation in animals, 306
selective breeding, 129, 193
selective permeability, 64
semipermeable membranes, 65
senses, 6
sex chromosomes. See also chromosomes
genes located on, 140–41
overview, 138–39
sex determination, 138–39
sex-linked genes, 140, 141–42
SRY gene, 141
X-linked disorders, 141–42, 143 , 145
X-linked genes, 141
Y-linked genes, 141
sex-linked genes, 140, 141–42
sexual dimorphism, 223
sexual reproduction. See also meiosis
costs and benefits of sex, 235
defined, 101, 105
fertilization, 105, 106 , 108, 124
fungi, 297
genetic diversity, 108, 235, 289
meiosis, 101, 105, 235
plants, 292–93
sexual selection, 223
shared derived traits, 255
sharks, 218, 220 , 305
Siamese cats, 128, 129
sickle-cell disease, 144 , 145, 165
Sievert, Dawn, 212–13, 214–15, 221, 226
silent mutations, 166
silicon, as nutrient, 381
Silurian period, 252 , 263
silver foxes, 127, 129
simple diffusion, 64 , 65, 66
simple sugars, 51
sister chromatids, 102, 104 , 106, 107 , 109 , 110
skeleton
adaptation to aquatic life, 198–99, 200
cartilage, 305
marrow, 125 , 136, 150
skin cell size, 73
smallpox, 22, 23
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER),
69 , 72
snowdrop plants (Galanthus), 292
snowshoe hare, 350, 351, 351 , 362
solar system’s age, 250
soluble compounds, 45
solutes, defined, 45
solutions, defined, 45
solvents, defined, 44
somatic cells, 105, 119
Sonnenschein, Carlos, 98–99, 100–101, 104, 108,
111
Soto, Ana, 98–99, 100–101, 104, 108, 111
South Pacific rattlesnakes, 234
soybeans, 118
speciation
allopatric speciation, 236, 237 , 238, 243
behavioral isolation, 241 , 242
coevolution, 239–40
defined, 236
ecological isolation, 238–39, 242gametic isolation, 240, 242 , 243
genetic divergence, 236
geographic barriers, 236, 237
geographic isolation, 236
mechanical isolation, 242
polyploidy, 240
postzygotic barriers, 241–42
prezygotic barriers, 241–42, 242
reproductive barriers, 241–42, 243
reproductively isolated populations, 234
sympatric speciation, 240, 241 , 243
species. See also biological classification
biological species concept, 234–35
defined, 234–35
Linnaean hierarchy, 257, 260
morphological species concept, 235, 237, 239,
241
numbers of known species, 244 , 251
reproductively isolated populations, 234, 238,
241
species interactions. See also ecological
communities; hosts; parasites; predators
camouflage, 368 , 369
carnivores, 365, 367 , 372
commensalism, 364, 365 , 369
competition, 369–71
exploitative competition, 370–71
group living, 369
herbivores, 365
interference competition, 371
mimicry, 368 , 369
mutualism, 239, 287, 295, 364, 365
omnivores, 254, 365
overview, 363–64
predation, 365, 369
prey, 367
scavengers, 365
species richness, 359, 360
specific endocytosis, 68
sperm
chromosomes and genetics, 122, 146 , 147
combination with egg to form zygote, 105–6,
313
from meiosis, 101, 106
sponges
asexual reproduction by mitosis, 96
body plan, 259 , 303, 304, 305
evolution, 259 , 303
number of known species, 244
spores, 297
Spormann, Alfred, 84, 85, 87–88, 93
sporulation, 277
SRY gene, 141
S-shaped growth curve, 346, 347
St. John, Anne, 293, 294, 297
stabilizing selection, 216, 218
Staphylococcaceae, 280
Staphylococcus aureus. See also VRSA; VRSA
(vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus)
antibiotic genes, 223
characteristics, 212, 220
clonal cluster 5 (CC5) strains, 222–23
horizontal gene transfer, 221–22, 223
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 212,
213 , 215, 216, 221–22, 226
penicillin resistance, 212, 213
Staphylococcus colonies in petri dish, 273
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 277
starch, 51, 53
start codon, 180 , 181, 182