Index I-7development of, 337, 337f,
340–341, 341f
epithelial lining of, 69, 69t
in eye, 276
n injury, healing of, 150, 150f
in lungs, 181f
muscle in, 72, 72f
nitric oxide dilation of, 245
pressure in. See Blood pressure
in skin, 78f, 79
spasms in, 150, 150f
structure and function of, 123,
130–131, 130f, 131f
around tumors, growth of, 427
vasoconstriction of, 82f, 83, 83t, 130,
131, 140, 187
vasodilation of, 82–83, 82f, 83t, 130,
131, 187, 314
n Blue babies, 136
Blushing, 133
n BMI (body mass index), 216–217, 216t
n BMP (Basic Metabolic Panel), 149t
BMR (basal metabolic rate), 217, 294, 349
Body cavities, 76, 76f
Body defenses, 156–157, 156t. See also
Immune system; Immunity
Body fat. See Adipose tissue
Body fluids. See Fluids
n Body lice, 487
n Body mass index (BMI), 216–217, 216t
Body piercing, 86, 86f
Body plan, establishment of, in human
development, 334, 334f
Body position, sensing changes in, 268
Body structures, comparative
morphology, 446–447, 446f, 447f
Body support, by skeletal system, 90,
90t, 92–93
Body temperature. See Temperature
(internal)
Body weight. See also Obesity
aging and, 349
basal metabolic rate and, 217
n body mass index (BMI),
216–217, 216t
“energy equation” and, 217
n excessive, health effects of, 93,
195, 218
n exercise and, 217, 217f
overweight, definition of, 216, 216t
during pregnancy, 344
skeleton as support for, 93, 95
n weight fitness, 212
n weight-loss diets, 213
Bolus, 198–199, 199f, 200
Bonds. See Chemical bonds; Covalent
bonds; Hydrogen bonds; Ionic
bonds
Bone(s). See also Skeletal system
aging and, 348
of appendicular skeleton, 90, 91f,
94–95, 94f, 95f
associated tissues, 90
of axial skeleton, 90, 91f, 92–93,
92f–93f
blood circulation to, 127f
as connective tissue, 70f–71f, 70t, 71,
88, 88f
n disorders of, 98–99, 98f, 99f
formation of, 88–89, 89f
n fractures of, 99, 99f
functions of, 90, 90t, 91f
in homeostasis, 89, 90, 100
identification of, 101
interaction with skeletal muscles, 72,
72f, 106, 107f, 108–109
long, 88–89, 90, 90f
number of in humans, 90
nutrition and, 15
remodeling, 89, 89f, 295, 295f
and tobacco smoke, 188f
types of, 88, 88f
n Bone cancer, 99
Bone cells, 2f, 88–89, 88f
Bone marrow, 90, 90f
blood cell production in, 142,
143f, 145, 145f, 152, 154,
158f, 162, 163f
cells, cell cycle in, 357
n disorders of, 418
red, 90, 142, 145f, 152, 154, 158f
yellow, 90
n Bone marrow cancer (leukemia), 17,
17f, 152, 152f, 397, 417f, 418,
419, 430t, 431, 431f, 432, 434, 435
n Bone spurs, 87
Bone tissue, 70f–71f, 70t, 71, 85t, 88,
88f, 91f
Bonobos, 3f, 450, 450f
Boreal forest, 461f
Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, 11, 136, 136f
n Botox injections, 111
n Botulism, 115
Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule, 227,
227f, 228, 228f, 231f
Brachial artery, 122f
n Bradycardia, 135
Bradykinins, 268
Brain
aging impact on, 349
n aneurysms in, 134
and appetite, 6
blood–brain barrier, 253, 264
blood circulation to, 127f
n and cardiac arrest, 136
cerebral hemispheres, 252, 252f, 254
cerebrospinal fluid surrounding,
186, 187f, 252–253, 253f
cerebrum of, 252, 252f, 254–255, 254f,
255f, 268, 268f, 270, 279
and consciousness, 254, 256, 256f
development of, 331, 344f, 345
endocrine system interaction with,
290–291, 290f, 291fevolution of, 3, 451
n fMRI (functional magnetic
resonance imaging) of, 259, 259f
formation during development,
334, 334f
functional areas of, 252, 252f
glucose supply for, 296, 297f, 299
hemispheres of, 252, 252f, 254
and homeostasis, 131
in immune response, 161
n injury to, 252, 258
as integrator, 80–81, 80f, 81f, 82f
lobes of, 254, 254f
n mind-altering drugs and,
260, 260t
nervous system role of, 248, 248f,
249f, 252–257, 252f–257f
neuron circuits in, 247, 249
peripheral nervous system and,
251, 251f
n PET scan of, 254, 254f, 258f
sensory systems interaction,
266–267, 266–279, 268–269, 273,
275, 276f, 277
skull protecting, 92, 92f–93f
and sleep, 256
structure and function of, 239, 248,
249f, 252–257, 252f–257f
n syphilis and, 321
thirst center in, 231
n tumors in, 426
n Brain Banks, 259
n Brain cancer, 258, 258f, 419
Brain case (cranium), 92, 451
Brain stem, 186, 186f, 187f, 252, 255,
256, 256f
BRCA1 gene, 324, 428, 433, 433f
BRCA2 gene, 324, 428, 433, 433f
n Bread, and nutrition, 212
Breast. See also Mammary glands
n lump in, 324, 324f
n self-examination of, 324,
324f, 432t
Breastbone (sternum), 90, 91f, 93,
94f, 182
n Breast cancer, 169, 177, 324, 324f, 417,
428, 431f, 432t, 433, 433f, 435
Breast milk (breast feeding), 69, 165,
172, 172f, 291, 343, 343f
Breath
amount of air in, 183, 183f
holding of, 187
Breathing (respiratory cycle), 182–183,
182f, 183f, 186–187, 186f, 187f.
See also Respiration; Respiratory
system
in neonates, 342
nervous system control of, 115,
251, 252
n Breech birth, 342
Broca’s area (in the brain), 254, 254f
n Bronchial cancer, 431fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).