I-16 Index
evolutionary relationships in,
448, 448f
in fertilized eggs, 315
free radicals and, 23
functional groups in, 26f
hormones and, 288, 289f
human, 48
hydrogen bonds in, 21, 21f, 404,
405f, 406
and ionizing radiation, effects of,
361, 406, 429, 430
life cycle encoded in, 348, 354
in living things, 2, 2f
of mitochondria (mtDNA), 52
noncoding regions, 416
origin of, 455, 455f
pollution and, 476
proofreading of, 407
protein primary structure and,
33, 33f
in protein synthesis, 408–409,
408f–409f
n recombinant DNA technology,
414–415, 414f, 415f, 420, 420f
repair of, 348, 349, 361, 406, 407
replication of, 406, 406f,
414–415, 415f
n sequencing, 416, 416f, 417
SNPs in, 416, 417f
in sperm, 312
structure and function of, 36, 36f,
48, 49, 49f, 404–405, 404f, 405f,
408–409, 409t
n DNA analysis
uses of, 403
n DNA chip, 417, 417f
n DNA fingerprints, 419, 419f
DNA polymerases, 406, 415, 415f
n DNA probe, 432
n DNA profile, 417, 419, 419f
DNA repair mechanisms, 348, 349, 361,
406, 407
n DNA sequencing, 416, 416f
Dogs, 448f, 456, 456f
n Dolly (cloned sheep), 421, 424f
Domains (classification), 3, 3f, 450t
Dominant alleles
on autosomes, 392–393, 393f, 401t
n genetic disorders caused by,
392–393, 393f, 395, 395f, 401t
and phenotype, 374, 374t, 375, 375f
n probability calculations on,
376–377, 376f, 377f
on sex chromosomes, 395
n in X-linked disorders, 395, 395f
Dopamine, 245, 245t, 258, 259, 260
Double covalent bonds, 20, 21f
Douching
n as birth control measure, 316
n and STDs, 320
n and vaginal pH, 328
n Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 398,
399f, 401t, 417f
DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate), 184
Dredging, 480
Drought, 479
n Drug(s). See also Antibiotics
n abuse of, and unsafe sex, 323
n addiction to, 260, 260t
n for allergic reactions, 170
n allergic reactions to, 170
n anticancer, 427, 486 (See also
Chemotherapy)
n antidepressant, 245, 259
n antihistamines, 170
n anti-HIV, 172
n anti-inflammatory, 114, 296
n antiparasitic, 323
n antiviral, 322
n for athletic performance
enhancement, 145
n birth defects caused by, 344, 345
n crossing of placenta by, 337
n cytotoxic, in cancer treatment, 435
n defibrillating, 136
n for diabetes, 299
n fertility, 305, 318
n genetic engineering of, 420, 420f
n genetic personalization of, 396 402,
402, 416
n genetic variations of response to,
396, 396f
n hormone-related, 293
n for hypertension, 396
n immune system suppressors,
167, 429
n interaction of, 260
n kidney damage from, 234
n monoclonal antibodies in, 169
n for nervous system disorders,
258, 259
n NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs), 87,
209, 234
n plants as source of, 486
n ”plaque-busting,” 134
n psychoactive, 260
n recreational (illegal), 11f, 135, 136,
234, 260, 264, 323, 337
n resistance to, 11, 153, 190, 321
n for respiratory diseases, 190
n statins, 134, 140
n testing for, 229
n thrombin regulation by, 154
tolerance, development of, 260, 260t
n DTP vaccination, 168t
n Duchenne muscular dystrophy
(DMD), 114f, 115, 395
Duckbill platypus, 445
Ductus arteriosus, 341, 341f
Ductus venosus (venous duct), 341, 341f
Duodenum, 196f, 202, 202f, 204,
207, 218fDuplications (gene), 397
Dura mater, 252, 253f. See also Meninges
Dust mites, 170, 189
n Dutch elm disease, 487
n Dwarfism, pituitary, 293, 293f
Dyes, carcinogens in, 429
Dysentery, amoebic, 173t
n Dysplasia, 426
Dystrophin, 395E
Ear(s)
and balance sense, 274–275, 274f, 275f
bones of, 90, 92
development of, 338f–339f, 344f, 345
n disorders of, 274, 275, 275f, 284
muscles of, 447
structure and function of, 272–273,
272f–273f
Ear canal, 92
Eardrum (tympanic membrane), 272,
272f–273f, 275, 284
Earlobe attachment, gene for, 366,
380, 381f
n Earth. See also Atmosphere;
Natural world
n carrying capacity of, 474
n crust, elements in, 16, 16f
n evolution of life on, 454–455,
454f, 455f
other planets resembling, 455
plate tectonics, 445, 445f
Earthquake, Haitian (2010), and
waterborne disease, 57, 57f
Ear wax, 69
n Eastern Europe, pollution in, 476
n Eating disorders, 218–219, 219t
ECF. See Extracellular fluid (ECF)
n ECG (electrocardiogram), 135, 135f
E. coli bacteria, 206, 210, 210f
O157:H7 strain, 210, 210f
n Ecological footprint, 475, 475f, 484
n Ecological pyramid, 464, 464f
n Ecology, 460
n Economy-class syndrome, 140
n Ecosystem(s). See also Environment
n biogeochemical cycles in, 465–468,
465f–468f
n endangered species in, 458, 458f,
486, 486f
n energy flow through, 4, 5f, 462,
462f, 464, 464f
n feeding levels in, 462–463, 462f,
463f, 464, 464f
n human disturbance of, 486, 487
n land use in, 482–483, 482f, 483f
n as level of biological organization,
4, 4f–5f
n nutrient flow through, 462–463,
462f, 463f
n and population density, 474
n protection of, 489DNA, continued
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